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A Brief Sketch of the History of Sumy Theological School (1888-1919)
(2023) Kudinov Dmytro Valeriiovych; Taraban Yurii Valentynovych ; Кудінов Дмитро Валерійович; Тарабан Юрій Валентинович
The relevance of this study is due, first of all, to the absence of works devoted to the history of the Sumy Theological School in the national historiography. It is indicated that the main obstacle to carrying out research on the topic is the lack of archival documents. The main group of sources of the article, on which the authors relied, are the publications of the journals of the meetings of the clergy of the Sumy school district, reports, lists of pupils, messages and appeals related to the life of the school, published in the periodicals of the eparchy – «Letter for the Kharkiv Eparchy», «Vedomosti and notes on the Kharkiv Eparchy». These materials made it possible to recreate a more or less complete picture of school life and realize the goal of the work – to reveal the most significant aspects of the functioning of the theological school in the city of Sumy at the end of the 19th – early 20th century. The main text of the publication contains the following parts: a description of the circumstances of the foundation of the Sumy Theological School; description of the educational institution’s finances (estimate, sources of replenishment); management of the school (congress of clergy of the Sumy school district, school board, school supervisor, custodian); teaching staff of the school; organization of educational work (educational disciplines, academic performance, Christian upbringing, cultural and educational events with the participation of students); closure of the educational institution. The authors emphasized the important role in the emergence of the educational institution of the Sumy deacon Fr. Vasyl Nikolskyi, Archbishop of Kharkiv and Okhtyrka Amvrosii (Klyucharyov), Sumy businessmen I.G. Kharitonenko and D.I. Sukhanov. Among the staff of the school, more attention was paid to its supervisor A.F. Gruzov and teacher F.F. Gorain according to the availability of sources. The conclusions indicate the prospects for further research on the chosen topic. First of all, it is an interesting reproduction of the psychological atmosphere of the school, the nuances of the teachers’ pedagogical creativity, the relationships within the student groups, as well as between students and teachers. The authors consider their research in the field of microhistory as a component of a complex of research on the history of secondary education institutions in Sumy.
Activities of Boris Hmyrya During the Second World War
(2024) Berezhna Svitlana Viktorivna; Бережна Світлана Вікторівна; Diakova Olena; Дьякова Олена
The work’s aim is to highlight Boris Romanovych Hmyria’s life during the Second World War.The methodological basis of the work are the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The article is based on philosophical and special scientific methods of the socio-humanitarian sphere of scientific knowledge.The scientific novelty consists in the study of the activities of B.Hmyria during the Second World War. The singer’s biography of 1939-1945 is recreated, and important events that happened in his life at that time and in the post-war period are determined.Conclusions. The life of Boris Romanovych Hmyria during the Second World War can be divided into three stages: before the Nazi occupation (1.09.1939–22.10.1941), during the Nazi occupation (24.10.1941–25.03.1944) and after the Nazi occupation (25.03.1944–2.09.1945). All three stages and post-war life unite performances on stage, improvement of creative potential, and love of the public. But there are peculiarities. At the beginning of the war, B.Hmyria’s career was beginning and was successful, as evidenced by the award of Honored Artist of the Ukrainian SSR in 1941. The second stage is marked by the fact that the singer was a civilian prisoner (as told to him by the head of the Poltava Opera Z.Wolfer) and was forced to perform where he was ordered. This period negatively affected the future life of the man. After the liberation of Ukraine from the German occupiers, the attitude of some of the colleagues towards Boris Romanovych was negative. Despite the support of the Soviet government and the boundless love of the public, persecution in the theatre led to the premature death of the artist.It should be noted that the biography of B.Hmyria was typical for actors who survived the Nazi occupation, and differed only in that he did not survive the arrest and prison term, like many others. He had the opportunity to emigrate to the West, but his boundless love for Ukraine forced him to stay in his native land.
Activities of the German-Ukrainian Platform «Kyiv Dialogue» in Mykolaiv Region (2017-2020)
(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Homoniuk Yevhen; Гомонюк Євген
The article analyzes materials related to the activities of the German-Ukrainian platform «Kyiv Dialogue» in southern Ukraine, particularly in the Mykolaiv region, in 2017-2020. It was found that the platform built its work in the region on behalf of the German non-profit organization «European Exchange gGmbH» («Europäischer Austausch gGmbH») and in cooperation with the International Renaissance Foundation and local partners, and within the framework of two programs, «Strengthening Citizen Participation and City Development in the Regions of Ukraine» (2017-2019) and «United Network of Cities in Eight Regions of Ukraine to Support Local Reforms» (2019-2020), with financial support from the German Federal Foreign Office. The study focuses on specific projects and initiatives that have been implemented in the region, their results, and their significance for local communities. The aim of the article is to study and highlight the activities of the German-Ukrainian platform «Kyiv Dialogue» in the Mykolaiv region during 2017-2020 in the context of supporting the development of civil society, decentralization reform, and the formation of local initiatives, as well as to assess its impact on small towns and communities as an instrument of Germany's «soft power» in the region. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the first comprehensive analysis of the activities of the Kyiv Dialogue program in Mykolaiv region, highlighting its role in supporting local initiatives, strengthening citizen participation, and developing cities in the context of decentralization reform. Specific examples of successful projects that have contributed to the dissemination of knowledge about European values, project management practices, and fundraising are highlighted. The influence of the German Federal Foreign Office and the International Renaissance Foundation on these processes is also identified. Conclusions. The activities of the Kyiv Dialogue in Mykolaiv region have become an example of successful international cooperation, which not only provided financial support to small towns and newly formed territorial communities, but also contributed to the strengthening of civil society and the development of local identity. This cooperation resulted in dozens of public events and micro-projects, such as the opening of youth spaces, the creation of media centers, and educational programs for young people. Overall, the initiative helped to foster a positive attitude towards European processes and values and supported the further democratization of Ukraine.
Actual Problems in Studying the Bilsk Hillfort
(2026) Kudinov Dmytro Valeriiovych; Кудінов Дмитро Валерійович
The Bilsk hillfort belongs to the category of large-scale fortified settlements in the left-bank forest-steppe. Its defensive structures are the largest in the region, and their sophistication and implementation testify to the high level of planning and organization of the society of that time. The burial sites in the surroundings of the Bilsk hillfort are also impressive in scale. First and foremost, this refers to the number of burial mounds that belonged to representatives of the local elite.This archaeological complex is in fairly good preservation and has been studied by archaeologists for almost 120 years. During this time, it has been possible to accumulate a significant amount of data about the monument, collect and systematize artifacts’ from different periods, and carry out high-quality mapping. Finally, archaeologists have determined the location of the complex among other synchronous archaeological sites.It should be noted that the territory of the Bilsk hillfort has several chronological stages of its history. The emergence of the settlement structure and the construction of defensive structures date back to the early Iron Age and are associated with the Scythian population. Later, Slavic tribes lived within the hillfort and its immediate surroundings. In particular, Severian settlements and fortified settlements are known in the villages of Hlynske (Opishnia community, Poltava region) and Kuzemin (Hrun community, Sumy region), and during the Cossack era, active work was carried out on the territory of the Western Fortification and the Skorobor burial ground to boil down saltpeter.All these stages are the subject of study by researchers, mainly archaeologists. However, there are currently several debatable issues in scientific literature, which have been resolved to varying degrees. This is due to both objective reasons and the personal scientific views of individual researchers.Currently, the implementation of the latest digital methods for recording cultural heritage sites has begun. This has greatly simplified certain issues, particularly those related to the visualization of monuments within the Bilsk micro-region. This has been made possible thanks to the efforts of a team of researchers from the Bilsk Historical and Cultural Reserve, which is actively involved in the preservation and scientific study of the complex of monuments in the territory and surroundings of the Bilsk hillfort.
Alfred Frauenfeld’s Memorandum on the Problems of Administering the Occupied Eastern Territories As a Source For the Study of Nazi Administrative Policy
(2026) Tishyn Oleksandr; Тішин Олександр
The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Alfred Frauenfeld’s memorandum on the problems of administering the occupied eastern territories as a historical source reflecting internal debates and contradictions within the system of Nazi administration in Ukrainian lands during the Second World War. The focus is placed on clarifying the circumstances of the document’s creation, its substantive content, the author’s line of argumentation, and its place within the broader context of the formation of the Third Reich’s occupation policy. The scholarly novelty of the article lies in an integrated reading of the memorandum through the prism of everyday administrative practice and intra-governmental competition within the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine». The document is examined not only as a source of factual information but also as evidence of an attempt to reconsider the occupation strategy. The study specifies the nature of Frauenfeld’s criticism concerning particular policy areas-education, culture, agrarian relations, and labor mobilization and demonstrates that the alternatives he proposed were pragmatic rather than humanitarian in character, aimed at increasing the efficiency of control over the region. Conclusions. Frauenfeld’s memorandum reveals deep discrepancies between the ideological directives of the Nazi leadership and the practical requirements of governing the occupied territories. The document reflects an effort to explain the growth of resistance and the decline of local loyalty as consequences of miscalculations in administrative policy, without questioning the fundamental principles of the occupation regime. As a source, it makes it possible to trace decision-making mechanisms, competition among various occupation authorities, and the transformation of approaches to the organization of «Eastern policy». Its critical analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of Nazi rule in Ukraine and sheds light on the internal logic of the occupation apparatus.
American Indians:Archives Against Racism
(2025) Levchenko Larysa; Левченко Лариса
The purpose of the article is to highlight the main locations for the preservation of archival documents and the principal documentary collections concerning American Indians, taking into account the issue of racism toward Indigenous peoples in the United States of America.The research methodology is based primarily on the methods of archival heuristics, that is, the search for historical sources, as well as on the methodology of source criticism and general scientific principles.The scientific novelty of this study within the framework of Ukrainian historiography lies in introducing into scholarly circulation the main documentary collections of U.S. archives that illuminate the history of American Indians and serve as sources for the study of the problem of racism in the United States.Conclusions.Thus, this study establishes that the principal locations in the United States where documents concerning American Indians are preserved are the Oklahoma Historical Societyand the National Archives of the United States, together with all of its branches located throughout the country. Naturally, documents relating to American Indians can also be found in the archives of universities, schools, churches, business archives, museums, and historical and genealogical societies. The need to examine these repositories determines the future directions of research on the selected topic.The principal documentary complexes emerged in the course of the implementation of U.S. government policy toward American Indians and are represented by record groups of government bodies and institutions responsible for, or directly involved in, relations with American Indian tribes-above all the multifunctional Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Indian Claims Commission, the Census Bureau, the Office of the Secretary of War, the Office of the Secretary of the Interior, the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Court of Claims, the Indian Health Service, and other institutions. Only a small portion of the documentary complexes was created as a result of the activities of tribal governing structures.The overwhelming majority of archival holdings are documents created by white people and preserved in archives founded by white people. Despite this, the documents record and preserve evidence of manifestations of racism in U.S. state policy toward American Indians (forced removals, dispossession of land ownership and civil rights, assimilation, destruction of traditional culture, separation of parents and children for the re-education of the latter in boarding schools as Euro-Americans, etc.). It is precisely these archival documents, which white people unquestionably recognize as authentic and evidentiary sources, that provide American Indians with the opportunity to successfully defend their rights as Indigenous Americans and to secure democratic freedoms. Consequently, archival documents and archives have played and continue to play a key role in protecting the rights and freedoms of the Indigenous peoples of the United States and, accordingly, in the struggle against racism.
Analysis of the Activities of the Vice-Rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute Under the Rectorships of Mykola Velikolug and Leonid Gnatyuk
(Гельветика, 2025) Valiukh Oleksandr; Валюх Олександр
The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute during the rectorships of Mykola Velykuluh (1980-1985) and Leonid Hnatyuk (1985-1990) and to create a prosopographic portrait of the leadership of the higher education institution. The basis of the source base of the article was the personal files of the vice-rectors, which are stored in the Departmental Archive of the Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University. To implement the purpose of the study, we used biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of system analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the results of the created collective portrait of the rectors and vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv State Pedagogical Institute named after S. M. Sergeev-Tsensky Mykola Velykuluh and Leonid Hnatyuk, who worked alternately during the 1980s, have been introduced into scientific circulation. In the course of our research, we determined that thereis a continuity in their activities. This indicates the acquisition of experience and professional competence. That is, during the tenure of the rector L. Hnatyuk, the vice-rectorate was more stable. For the above reasons, the average age of vice-rectors at this time was also higher: 43.8years versus 40.2 years. Also, the indicator of highly qualified personnel in general in the period 1985-1990 was higher, as 80% versus 25%. In addition, the gender ratio was in favor of women during the rectorship of L.Hnatyuk. Conclusions. Thus, the comparative analysis conducted by us in this study and the created prosopographical and professional portrait of the vice-rectors of the Glukhiv State Pedagogical Institute helped us to better identify the features of the development of the higher education institution during the tenures of M.Velykoluh and L.Hnatyuk in the adjacent historical periods of the 1980s.
Analysis of the Activities of the Vice-Rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute Under the Rectorships of Mykola Velikolug and Leonid Gnatyuk
(Гельветика, 2025) Valiukh Oleksandr; Валюх Олександр
The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute during the rectorships of Mykola Velykuluh (1980-1985) and Leonid Hnatyuk (1985-1990) and to create a prosopographic portrait of the leadership of the higher education institution. The basis of the source base of the article was the personal files of the vice-rectors, which are stored in the Departmental Archive of the Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University. To implement the purpose of the study, we used biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of system analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the results of the created collective portrait of the rectors and vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv State Pedagogical Institute named after S. M. Sergeev-Tsensky Mykola Velykuluh and Leonid Hnatyuk, who worked alternately during the 1980s, have been introduced into scientific circulation. In the course of our research, we determined that thereis a continuity in their activities. This indicates the acquisition of experience and professional competence. That is, during the tenure of the rector L. Hnatyuk, the vice-rectorate was more stable. For the above reasons, the average age of vice-rectors at this time was also higher: 43.8years versus 40.2 years. Also, the indicator of highly qualified personnel in general in the period 1985-1990 was higher, as 80% versus 25%. In addition, the gender ratio was in favor of women during the rectorship of L.Hnatyuk. Conclusions. Thus, the comparative analysis conducted by us in this study and the created prosopographical and professional portrait of the vice-rectors of the Glukhiv State Pedagogical Institute helped us to better identify the features of the development of the higher education institution during the tenures of M.Velykoluh and L.Hnatyuk in the adjacent historical periods of the 1980s.
Andriy Malyshko’s Activity in the Conditions of the «Zhdanovshchyna»
(2025) Plisetskyi Dimitrii; Плісецький Дімітрій
The aim of the article. To examine the causes and essence of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy, as well as to analyze its implementation through the activities and work of the Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Malyshko. The research methodology. To achieve the objectives of this article, widely accepted approaches, principles, and methods of scientific inquiry were applied: analysis of documentary sources and newspaper publications, their subsequent synthesis, comparison of the approaches of various researchers, systematization, and generalization of the gathered information. These methods enabled the identification of the essence of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy through the example of the activities of the Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Malyshko. Scientific novelty. Based on an in-depth study of archival materials, the author analyzes the causes and nature of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy – a campaign of criticism and persecution of Soviet cultural and literary figures during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its goal was to force writers to adhere to the principles of «socialist realism» in their creative works and to promote the cult of Joseph Stalin in their writings. The article also explores the atmosphere within the Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine (USWU) and the Soviet Writers’ Union of the USSR, set against the backdrop of the prominent Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Samiylovych Malyshko’s activities. The article includes excerpts from reports by party officials and cultural figures, as well as resolutions from the USWU plenum meetings. Conclusions. The creative intellectuals were compelled to submit to the demands of the Soviet totalitarian system, one of the tools of which was the «Zhdanovshchina» policy. This policy opened the door for criticism of even the smallest details in the works of writers. The main goal of literature once again became the glorification of Stalin’s regime and its achievements. Those who opposed this were subjected to harsh criticism, deemed necessary and useful for writers. Through the example of Andriy Malyshko’s work, we can observe how even without clear justification, one could become an object of persecution. However, the poet was fortunate. Despite facing criticism and losing positions, he managed to continue his public and cultural activities under the conditions of «Zhdanovshchina» by conforming to its rules. Andriy Malyshko wrote works that fulfilled the demands outlined in Andriy Zhdanov’s report. The writer conformed to the Soviet totalitarian system, yet also participated in criticizing fellow writers as a means of self-preservation.
Andriy Malyshko’s Deputy Activities (1951-1967)
(2026) Plisetskyi Dimitrii; Плісецький Дімітрій
The aim of the work. Considering the state of research on the outlined problem in domestic historiography, we set the following goal: to identify the peculiarities of deputy activity during the Soviet period using the example of the famous Ukrainian poet and public figure Andriy Samoilovich Malyshko. Methodology. To achieve the goal set in the article, generally accepted approaches, principles, and methods of scientific knowledge were applied: analysis of documentary sources and newspaper publications, their further synthesis, comparison of the authors’ approaches of individual researchers, systematization, and generalization of the information obtained. All this together made it possible to reveal the essence and peculiarities of the work of deputies in the Ukrainian SSR, and in particular Andriy Malyshko. Scientific novelty. There are no works on the subject under study in modern Ukrainian historiography. Conclusions. In Soviet society, the position of deputy at all levels was considered an honorary one, and the activities of deputies differed significantly from those of today. The people’s representatives considered requests from citizens regarding their problems and tried to resolve them. This required constant cooperation with many institutions. Andriy Malyshko was a deputy in the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR and the Kyiv Regional Council from 1950 to 1967. His active work is evidenced by incoming correspondence, which can be used to trace the main problems of Soviet citizens in the post-war period and during the ‘thaw’. Archival materials attest to his many meetings with constituents and his work in various commissions. It is also worth noting the poet’s oratorical skills, which Malyshko demonstrated during sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR.
Animal’s Pawprints on the Bricks of Medzhybizh Castle
(2024) Stupak Alina; Ступак Аліна; Vietrov Viktor; Вєтров Віктор; Baranovskyi Anton; Барановський Антон
Occasional marks on bricks or other architectonic composites, with their potential to unveil environmental conditions at the time of their formation, attract scientific attention. The object of our research is the pawprints on bricks, a discovery made during the archaeological excavations of the historically significant Medzhybizh Castle (also known as Medzhybizh Fortress), located in the village of Medzhybizh, Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine. Brick, a popular building material, was continually used to construct palaces and residential and household objects of the Castle’s architectural ensemble. The studied collection of bricks, dating to the 15th-19th centuries, is the second most widespread material, after stone blocks, for constructing various elements of the Castle complex.This study aims to identify the animal species responsible for the pawprints found and showcase the valuable informational potential of animal pawprints on bricks as an archaeological resource. The findings of the study reveal that the imprints can be attributed to canines, felines, swine, even-toed ungulates, and domestic fowl (chickens). Animal tracks present on the brick blanks indirectly reflect the environmental elements. In the context of the brick materials utilizedin the construction of Medzhybizh Castle, the animal imprints indicate the presence of animals associated with the proprietors of the brickyard or those from neighbouring households and farms. Animals could have unintentionally traversed the brick blanks while roaming freely, possibly attracted by the mineral components of the brick mortar. The dimensions of a dog’s pawprints enable an estimation of the size of certain individual dogs and their count. The small size of the hoofed mammal`s tracks suggests they belonged to young individuals, indicating the spring-summer season during which the brick blanks were created. The positioning of the tracks on the brick provides insights into the speed patterns of the animals’ movements on the blanks.Therefore,the results of the pawprint study on bricks and other ancient ceramic products not only contribute to our understanding of the past but also have practical applications in the scientific and museological spheres, making this research highly relevant and its applications tangible.
Anti-Religious Propaganda in the Soviet Press of the Northern Left Bank Ukraine in 1920-25
(2026) Mozghovyi Oleksii; Мозговий Олексій
The article analyzes anti-religious propaganda in the periodical press of the Northern Left Bank Ukraine in 1920-25. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of communist propaganda on this issue, the change in the views of the party press, and the transition of anti-religious propaganda from the practical plane to more abstract ideological rhetoric. It has been established that anti-religious propaganda in the periodical press of the Northern Left Bank Ukraine in 1920-25 was varied in nature and evolved over time. During 1920-25, anti-religious propaganda in the communist press of the Northern Left Bank Ukraine went from a practical focus, namely criticism of the church due to the desire to remove church values in favor of the state, to criticism of the fundamental principles of religion and its basic dogmas from the standpoint of communist ideology.The purpose is to study and analyze anti-religious propaganda present in the Soviet press of 1920-25 in the territory of the Northern Left Bank Ukraine.The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of historical sources, namely the Soviet periodical press of the period 1920-25, which was printed in the territory of modern Poltava, Sumy, and Chernihiv regions, an analysis of anti-religious propaganda as an integral part of the Soviet ideological doctrine of that time was carried out. The main approaches of Soviet propaganda to the issue of the church and religion and their role in the new Soviet society were analyzed. The evolution of the Soviet press's views on the religious issue and the change in the main propaganda attitudes were traced.Conclusion. The analysis revealed that anti-religious propaganda was quite actively represented in the Soviet press of 1920-25. However, it varied in nature and served different purposes in different years. Between 1920 and 1922, propaganda directed against the church was only part of a state propaganda campaign to encourage the population to donate material goods to fill the budget. In this regard, the church was criticized for its unwillingness to give material wealth to the Soviet authorities. Then, starting in 1923, the local party press of the Northern Left Bank Ukraine began to criticize religion and the church from the standpoint of Marxist-Leninist ideology and to question the basic dogmas of the church.
Antiquity as «Our Own» Epoch:Civilizational Originalit Through the Framework of V. Petrov’s «Theory of Epochs»
(2025) Andreieiev Vitalii; Андреєєв Віталій; Lukashenko Alisa; Лукашенко Аліса
The purpose of the research is the critical rethinking and interpretation of the phenomenon of Antiquity on the territory of modern Ukraine, proceeding from V.Petrov’s concept of the ‘Theory of Epochs’. The study aims to substantiate the originality of the Ukrainian civilizational process during the antique period and to refute the notion of the monopolistic dominance of Roman influences on the frontier. The article seeks to integrate the Ukrainian historical grand narrative into the European community by establishing its own civilizational links with the Antique era, moving beyond the exclusively Greco-Roman paradigm.The methodology is based on the civilizational approach and conceptual-historical analysis. The principle of complementarity using modern data to reinforce Petrov’s theory, as well as methods of critical source analysis and the comparative-historical method, are employed. The research incorporates V.Petrov’s ideas concerning the structural integrity of the epoch, the ‘categories’, and the ‘break’ of civilizational periods. The scientific novelty represent argument that the Zarubyntsi and Chernyakhiv cultures represent an original (local) variant of Antique culture that developed in coexistence with the Greco-Roman world, rather than merely as its passive object. It is demonstrated that Hellenistic influences, through changes in the economic and social structure, were determinative for the region, while Roman influences were limited and secondary, especially given the absence of full-fledged provincial Romanization on the territory of Ukraine. This allows for a reassessment of the essence of the Antique era in Ukraine as a period featuring an active civilizational subject.Conclusions. V.Petrov’s ‘Theory of Epochs’ is a promising basis for studying the independence of the creation of ancient civilization in Ukraine. The territories northeast of the Danube and the Bosporan Kingdom remained predominantly a Hellenized, not a Romanized world. The limitations of Roman expansion and the doctrine of client states did not create conditions for the introduction of unique Roman economic and social practices, which indicates the formation of a local civilizational type (Chernyakhiv culture) by the peak of Roman interest in the 2ndcenturyAD. Thus, antiquity in Ukraine was an original era that preserved its identity in the conditions of external influences.
Approaches to Understanding the Causes of Military Conflicts During the Middle Bronze Age of the Dnipro-Don Measure
(2023) Dubiaha Andrii; Дубяга Андрій
The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the possible causes of the military conflicts through the prism of the proposed approaches of V. Shnirelman. Research methodology. The research is based on the methodological principle of determinism, which assumes the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, and universalism, which is conditioned by the consideration of human reactions in ancient times based on the behavior and reactions of modern humans. The research is based on the historicalcomparative and historical-systemic method, which allow to fully realize the set goal. Scientific novelty. In the article, the question of considering the causes of military conflicts between pastoralists of the Middle Bronze Age between the Dnieper and Don rivers is updated. Solving the problems of the causes of military conflicts lies at the basis of the study of not only the military affairs of the Donetsk-Don catacomb culture, but also such issues as the technical level of the development of crafts, social stratification and economic formation. The main achievements of scientists regarding the development of the issues of the military affairs of the catacomb cultural circle are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the main achievements of the leading researchers of the issue. An analysis of the causes of military conflicts was carried out through the approaches accumulated by V. Shnirelman. Conclusions. Analysis of the causes of the war, based on the approaches proposed by V.O. Shnirelman, testifies to the complexity of the problem. None of the proposed approaches fully reveals the causes of military conflicts. The most consistent and thorough is the neo-evolutionist approach, which proposes to consider the causes of military conflicts from the point of view of three components: organizational-structural, causal-purpose, military-technical. Taking these components into account, we can conclude that the leading cause of military conflicts is the form of economic activity, namely nomadic herding, which requires the protection or capture of new lands for livestock.
Archaeological Research in Gorodsk (1930-50s)
(2025) Khadadova Maryna Volodymyrivna; Хададова Марина Володимирівна
The article highlights the history of archaeological research of the multi-layered settlement of Gorodsk, an eponymous monument of the late Trypillian culture and a monument of the Ansient Rus period during the 1930s-50s.The purpose of the article: to highlight the stages of archaeological study of Gorodsk during the 1930s-50s.The methodological basis of the study is the principle of scientificity and systematicity, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization.Scientific novelty: for the first time, information on the study of archaeological monuments of Gorodsk during the 1930s-1950s.And the modern study of materials from the monument were analyzed and systematized. Conclusions. Archaeological study of monuments on the territory of the village of Gorodske began at the end of the 19th century, but large-scale archaeological research was first carried out in 1936, when employees of the Polissya Historical and Technical Expedition of the Institute of Mines and Mineralogy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR conducted reconnaissance excavations at all three hillforts. During the reconnaissance excavations of 1936, chronicle information about the destruction of the hillfort by Prince Danylo Galicia was confirmed, in particular due to the presence of human skeletons in the burnt cages. At the second hillfort, Chervona Gora, the remains of an Eneolithic settlement were found, which became the first known Late Trypillian settlement located on the banks of the Teteriv River. Further research allowed us to trace the layout of the settlement, two types of housing construction, and study its material culture. Later, the Gorodske Late Trypillian settlement became an eponymous monument that illustrated certain local features and was considered by researchers as the final stage of the existence of the Trypillian culture. The study of the Ansient Rus stage of the monument’s functioning continued in 1940. Excavations were mainly carried out at the so-called Small settlement, which was finally fully explored in 1958. According to researchers, the Small settlement was a separate fortified part of the chronicle city where artisans lived. In the subsequent period, as a result of the study of excavation materials, in particular ceramics, two cultural and chronological horizons were distinguished –Ancient Rus and post-Horde. This indicated that life on the settlement did not completely cease after 1257. Мета статті. У статті висвітлюється історія археологічних досліджень багатошарового городища Городська, епонімної пам’ятки пізньотрипільської культури та пам’ятки давньоруського часу протягом 30-50-хрр. 20ст. висвітлити етапи археологічного вивчення Городська протягом 30-50-хрр. 20ст. Методологічною основою дослідження виступають принцип науковості та системності, методи аналізу, синтезу, узагальнення. Наукова новизна: вперше проаналізовано та систематизовано інформацію про дослідження археологічних пам’яток Городска протягом 30-50-хрр. 20ст. та сучасне вивчення матеріалів з пам’ятки. Висновки. Археологічне вивчення пам’яток на території с.Городське розпочалось ще в кінці 19ст., але масштабні археологічні дослідження вперше були проведені в 1936р., коли співробітники Поліської історико-технічної експедиції ІІМК АН УРСР провели розвідкові розкопки на всіх трьох городищах. В ході розвідкових розкопок 1936р. були підтверджені літописні відомості про знищення городища князем Данилом Галицьким, зокрема через наявність в обгорілих клітях людських кістяків. На другому городищі Червона Гора були знайдені рештки поселення енеолітичного часу, яке стає першим відомим пізньотрипільським поселенням, розташованим на берегах р.Тетерів. Подальші дослідження дозволили простежити планування поселення, два види житлобудування, вивчити його матеріальну культуру. В подальшому городське пізньотрипільське поселення стає епонімною пам’яткою, що ілюструвала певні локальні особливості і розглядалась дослідниками як завершальна стадія існування трипільської культури. Вивчення давньоруського етапу функціонування пам’ятки продовжилось в 1940р. Розкопки переважно проводились на так званому Малому городищі, яке, в результаті було повністю досліджене в 1958р. На думку дослідників, Мале городище було окремою укріпленою частиною літописного міста де проживали ремісники. В подальший період у результаті вивчення матеріалів з розкопок, зокрема кераміки, були виділені два культурно-хронологічні горизонти – давньоруський і післяординський. Це свідчило про те, що життя на городищі після 1257р. не припинилося повністю.
Archaeological Research of Ancient Rus Settlements 10-13 Centuries in the Territory of the Slovechansk-Ovruch Region
(2024) Khadadova Maryna Volodymyrivna; Хададова Марина Володимирівна
The article highlights the history of research on the peculiarities of the settlement structure of the Ancient Rus period on the territory of a unique natural formation – the Slovechansk-Ovruch ridge, located in the north of the Zhytomyr region.The purpose of the article: to analyze the stages of research of ancient Rus objects that had special conditions of development during the 10-13centuries.The methodological basis of the research is the principle of scientificity, methods of empirical and theoretical research.Scientific novelty: for the first time, information on the study of ancient Russian settlements, which arose and developed in specific economic conditions during the 10-13centuries,was analyzed and systematized.Conclusions. In addition to good fertile soils and a favorable climate for agriculture, the territory of the Ovruch Ridge also attracted people with deposits of pink pyrophyllite slates. Mining, processing and manufacturing of things from it become the main occupation of the local the Ancient Rus population. A unique settlement structure is formed on the territory of the ridge, which traditionally consists of a settlement, a post, open settlements and burial grounds. But the peculiarity is that open settlements have a large area, they can conditionally be combined into agglomerations. Also, the settlements are specialized, their population is closely related to the development of pyrophyllite deposits, its extraction, processing, and transportation are the main occupations of the ancient Rus population of the Ovruch Ridge. Ancient Rus on the specified territory were destroyed for a long time, but from the end of the 9thcentury they began to be discovered and recorded by scientists. During the entire 20thcentury the sights of the region were examined by archaeologists, but no research was carried out. only from the end of the 20thcentury. The Ovruch archaeological expedition started working in the region, which discovered unique sights - specialized settlements with a rich cultural layer. But the archaeological sites of the region also require protection. The activities of the employees of the Ovruch archaeological expedition within the framework of the ‘Ovruch project’ created for the study and protection of the monuments of the former Ovruch volost are aimed at this.
Archaeological Research of the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Agesettlements on the Left bank of the Middle Reaches of the Vorskla River in 2023
(2023) Shaporda Oleh Mykolaiovych; Шапорда Олег Миколайович; Буйнов Юрій Володимирович; Buinov Yurii Volodymyrovych; Пеляшенко Костянтин Юрійович; Peliashenko Kostiantyn Yuriiovych
The article presents the results of research conducted by the expedition of the Historical and Cultural Reserve‘Bilsk’ at archaeological sites along the left bank of the Vorskla River in 2023 (Kotelva territorial community, Poltava district, Poltava region). The work was carried out as part of a scholarship program from the Deutsche Archaeological Institute.The purpose of this article is to highlight information about the research of the monuments of the end of the Bronze Age-Early Iron Age on the left bank of the middle course of the Vorskla River in 2023.It was found out that the cultural layerings recorded during exploration along the left bank of the Vorskla are newly discovered settlements. Information about them is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.The publication pays special attention to the settlement of Staryi Karier, whose cultural layers date back to the end of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Several finds of the post-Mongolian period and the Modern era were also discovered on the territory of the settlement. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of the coexistence and interpenetration of two archaeological cultures of the final stage of the Bronze Age – Lebedivka and Bondarykha.A small excavation was also made at the KotelvaII settlement. It was a relative surprise for the researchers to discover cultural layers of the Late Roman period belonging to the Cherniakhiv culture. This moment opens up some new perspectives for further research of this settlement, in particular, along the terrace's supra-slopeof the Vorskla River.Exploration work along the left bank of the Vorskla River also yielded good results. In particular, it was possible to identify a settlement of the Babyno culture and several small settlements of the Bronze Age.
Archaeological Research on the Territory of the Bilsk Microregion During the Period of Martial Low
(2023) Корост Ігор; Korost Ihor
The article presents brief summaries of protective and rescue archaeological research conducted on cultural heritage sites in 2022 by specialists of the Communal Institution «Historical and Cultural Reserve «Bilsk» of the Poltava Regional Council. The works were carried out on the territory of the modern left bank of the Vorskla River (Kotelva territorial community, Poltava district, Poltava region). The materials highlight the results of archaeological studies of 2 multilayered settlements – Kotelva II and Staryi Karier. The article presents information about the research history of the sites selected for study in 2022. The reasons that prompted large-scale archaeological research of cultural heritage sites during the Russian-Ukrainian war era are outlined. According to the results of the field work, a preliminary description of the discovered objects and antiquities is given. On the settlement Kotelva II, during the activities of the expedition of the «Bilsk» reserve in 2022, 350 m2 were discovered. 39 objects of the Scythian period were found. The vast majority of them are household pits. In 2022, 2 excavations with a total area of 295 m2 were laid at the settlement Staryi Karier. In the first excavation, 16 household objects, a cellar of the Scythian time, were founded and investigated. A Bronze Age dwelling was also discovered. In the second excavation, 12 objects were founded. Among them are 2 dwelling and a household pits of the Final Bronze Age and Scythian time. Important attention is paid to clarifying (determining) the cultural and chronological positions of the studied settlement monuments. It has been established that the Bronze Age layering from the Kotelva II settlement can be attributed to the XIII–XII centuries B.C. During the Scythian era, the village functioned in the 6th – at the beginning of the 5th centuries B.C. Large-scale excavations made it possible to find out that the antiquities of the Scythian period from the territory of the Staryi Karier settlement can be dated to the end of the 6th – the first half of the 5th centuries B.C. Materials of the Bronze Age belong to the bearers of the Bondarikha, Ivanivka and Lebedivka cultures.
At Illusory Liberty: Maternity of Nadiia Svitlychna from Release to Emigration in «Svoboda» Newspaper
(2026) Kizlova Antonina; Кізлова Антоніна
The aim of the work is to characterise the specificity of coverage in the newspaper Svoboda of the maternal fate of Nadiia Svitlychna, a representative of the Ukrainian dissident movement (from her release from camp to emigration). The research methodology is grounded in the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methods employed include content and discourse analysis, source criticism, case study, comparative-historical, hermeneutical, historical-chronological approaches, and systematisation. The scientific novelty is determined by the stated aim and objectives: to analyse the chronology and sources of publications about N.Svitlychna in the newspaper Svoboda (1976-1978); to identify the key narratives through which the newspaper represented N.Svitlychna’s motherhood; to trace whether her image underwent transformations; and to examine the means of mobilising diasporic and international support. Conclusions. The newspaper Svoboda during 1976-1978 covered the fate of N.Svitlychna as a mother in 17 articles, drawing upon sources from the Foreign Representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, the Moscow and Ukrainian Helsinki Groups, the UIS «Smoloskyp», samvydav appeals, American media, and diasporic organisations. The diversity of sources ensured a multidimensional narrative of motherhood: Helsinki Group documents highlighted the forced separation of mother and child, samvydav appeals conveyed emotional calls for solidarity, N.Svitlychna’ texts reflected self-reflection on motherhood under pressure, and American television illustrated the tragedies of divided families. The image of Nadiia-as-mother evolved from a passive victim (1976) through the author of her own appeals to an active defender of others (1978). The newspaper ensured the campaign’s international character, utilising the dissident’s motherhood as a universally significant factor for an international audience, transforming a privatematernal drama into a matter of international importance.
Career Path of Notaries of the Nizhyn District Court (1874-1914)
(2025) Artiukh Viacheslav Oleksiiovych; Артюх В’ячеслав Олексійович; Bilichenko Pavlo Hennadiiovych; Біліченко Павло Геннадійович
The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the professional path of notaries of the Nizhyn District Court for 1874-1914. The study of their professional path is helped by the search and involvement of archival documents of Fund 358 ‘Nizhyn District Court’ of the Department for Ensuring the Preservation of Documents of the State Archives of Chernihiv Region (Nizhyn). To implement the purpose of the study, biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of systemic analysis were used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the professional path of notaries who worked at the Nizhyn District Court in 1874-1914 has been introduced into scientific circulation. It was found that 57.1% (8) of the officials were of the Orthodox faith, 7.1% (1) were Roman Catholic, 7.1% (1) were Lutheran, and another 28.6% (4) were unknown. By class affiliation: 42.8% (6 people) – came from the nobility, another 42.8% (6) – came from the families of an archpriest, a burgher, a merchant, a collegiate councilor, an honorary citizen, a peasant, 14.3% – unknown. It was found that 28.6% (4) of notaries were born in the provinces: Poltava, Kherson, Chernihiv, Kyiv; another 7.1% (1) – Kursk, 7.1% – Courland provinces, 57.1% (8) – the place of birth could not be identified. It was recorded that 35.7% (5) had a special legal education. It was found that 21.4% (3) of people began their service in the Odessa, Katerynoslav, Nizhyn district courts. Before becoming a notary at the Nizhyn District Court, 28.6% (4) of people worked as bailiffs. I.M. Kardashevskyi alternately held the position of notary in the cities of Krolevets, Korop, Konotop, and Nizhyn. While Y.G. Ostrovskyi, G.O. Freitah Fon Lorynshof, M.P. Shepelev worked only in the city of Nizhyn, M.P. Pavlushenko – in the city of Krolevets, S.I. Marynych – in the city of Hlukhiv. At the time of taking up the position of notary at the Nizhyn District Court, the youngest in age was P.V. Sabbatovskyi (about 25 years old), the oldest was Y.G. Ostrovskyi (about 53 years old).

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