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Документ Scythian-Time Fortune Site in Posulla(2025) Olitskyi Viacheslav Oleksandrovych; Оліцький В'ячеслав Олександрович; Шеремет Олександр; Sheremet OleksandrThe purpose of the researchis to generalise and systematise archaeological information about the Scythian-era settlements within the boundaries of Posul, to analyse their spatial location, structural features and cultural affiliation to clarify the role of these monuments in the socio-political processes of the Early Iron Age in Left-Bank Ukraine.The research methodology is based on a combination of archaeological, typological and spatial analysis, considering the historical and cultural context, which allows for a comprehensive description of the Scythian settlements of Posul. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the generalisation and systematisation of archaeological data, the isolation of the areas of fortified settlements with their inherent features, as well as in expanding ideas about the chronological boundaries and functional duration of the monuments in the context of the socio-political processes of the Early Iron Age in Left-Bank Ukraine. Conclusions. Despite more than 100 years of study of the monuments of Posul, they cannot be considered to have been studied in detail. The northern group, namely Basivske, Svyrydivske, and Hlynske, can be viewed as the most studied among the hillforts of the Sula River basin. The most significant work was done on these monuments; their sizes and dating were established. Most of the hillforts, especially the southern group, particularly Lugovitske, Postav-MukaI, and Sukhonosivske, were only examined or studied episodically. This makes it impossible to have a comprehensive idea of the region’s defensive points system. At the same time, the analysis of the spatial location of the monuments allows us to speak about the existence of two main areas –northern and southern – each of which had its specifics of settlement, features of landscape selection and organisation of fortifications. The dominant position among them is occupied by Basivske hillfort, which is distinguished by its size, complexity of fortifications, and the presence of accompanying burial complexes. Chronologically, most of the hillforts arose in the middle of the 6thcenturyBC, and their functioning mainly falls on the Scythian period, with the probable continuation of the use of individual sites in the Zarubynet period. This indicates the existence of settlement structures for a relatively long time and their adaptation to changes in the political and demographic situation.Документ Changes in the Rural Administrative-Territorial Structure and Their Impact on the Living Conditions of the Population (1990s and 2000s)(2025) Padalka Serhii Semenovych; Падалка Сергій СеменовичThe article aims to clarify the nature of changes in the rural administrative-territorial structure and their impact on the living conditions of the population. Its methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and verification. The scholar employed problem and chronological, retrospective, and geopolitical methods. The research novelty comes from expanding our understanding of changes in the social structure of Ukrainian society after 1991, clarifying the impact of changes in the administrative-territorial structure on the living conditions of the rural population, and advocating the idea thatthe Ukrainian countryside has acquired a number of new spatial characteristics, saw changes in the number of settlements and their functional orientation and available types of economic activity. The issue has been studied by Ya.Fedorenko, T.Melnychuk, M.Ihnatenko, L.Kovpak, and O.Androshchuk. Our effort to reconstruct various aspects of the impact of changes in the administrative-territorial structure on the everyday life of the population was facilitated by the works of economists V.Prokopa and O.Pavliv, as well as published source materials. The main results of the study: the author has identified the general trends in the number of villages and their impact on the living conditions of the rural population. He paid particular attention to the essential aspects of social practices in large, medium and small villages and showed some elements of self-organization of the life of the population of villages that were classified by the state authorities as depressive.Документ The Moscophile Movement as a Target of Soviet Influence on the Socio-Political Situation in Western Ukraine in the 1920s(2025) Shchehlov Andrii Yuriiovych; Щеглов Андрій ЮрійовичThe purpose of the study is comprehensive analysis of how Soviet diplomatic structures instrumentalized a segment of the Russophile movement in Eastern Galicia to form the left-radical party “Sel-Rob” as a legal political base for subversive activities in Western Ukraine. This influence was directed both against the institutions of the Polish state and the diverse ideological currents of the Ukrainian national movement. The methodological framework of the study is based on the principles of objectivity, reliability, historicism, scientific rigor, and consideration of alternative perspectives. This approach makes it possible to single out a specific segment of the Russophile movement as an object of Sovietinfluence in interwar Poland, to characterize its ideological foundations, political platform, and organizational structure as the basis for the formation and noticeable influence of the legal political party “Sel-rob” on the socio-political situation in Western Ukraine in the 1920s. The party was formed through the unification of the left-radical party “Narodna Volia” with the “Peasants’ Union” party under the active organizational efforts of Soviet diplomacy in Warsaw. The scientific novelty lies in the identification and analysis of a previously underexplored mechanism of Soviet influence through the creation and support of a far-left legal political entity intended to destabilize the socio-political landscape of Western Ukraine in the 1920s. Conclusions. After the incorporation of most of the Western Ukrainian ethnic lands into the restored Polish state, socio-political processes unfolded under new geopolitical conditions. These changes, among other factors, influenced the institutional and political transformation of the Moskvophile (Russophile) movement in Eastern Galicia, Chełm Land, and Podlachia during the 1920s. The splits, separations, and emergence of new legal political entities within the reestablished Polish state did not escape the attention of Soviet diplomats and the USSR’s special services, who sought to exploit these processes of socio-political structuring both to exert a destabilizing influence on Polish state institutions and to oppose the legal Ukrainian national movement while also curbing the influence of Russian émigré structures with anti-Bolshevik orientations. It is worth noting that contradictions within the leadership of the newly formed “Sel-rob” party became increasingly irreconcilable, and on September11, 1927, the majority of former “Narodna Volia” members announced the formation of “Selrob-Left”, which in the following years played a key role in spreading Soviet influence in Western Ukraine.Документ Military Cantonists of the Russian Army in the First Quarter of the 19 th century(2025) Yachmenikhin Kostiantyn Mykhailovych; Ячменіхін Костянтин МихайловичThe purpose of the article is an attempt to analyze the process of creating the institute of military cantonists of the Russian army, to trace the process of forming the legislative base and to establish their quantitative composition at the end of the first quarter of the 19th century. The main sources of the work were materials from the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive and a number of printed documents. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of scientific logic, objectivity, criticism and verification of sources. Among the basic methods of revealing the problem, one should mention the problem-chronological approach, historical-genetic and deductive methods, the method of analytical and comparative-historical typology. Scientific novelty of the work: for the first time in historiography, an attempt has been made to comprehensively analyze the reasons for the creation of the institute of cantonists of the Russian army, to highlight their legal status and calculate their number. Based on the analysis of the problem, the following conclusions can be drawn: various segments of the population of the empire were included in the category of military cantonists. Over time, they received a clear legislative basis. The establishment of this institution not only affected the size of the army reserve, the government had already begun to consider soldiers’ children as one of the sources of replenishing the army with educated soldiers, called upon to finally eliminate conscription.Документ Oral History Research in the Chernihiv Region and the Development of Memorial Tourism Amid the Ongoing Russian-Ukrainian War(Гельветика, 2025) Shcherbyna Svitlana Viktorivna; Щербина Світлана ВікторівнаThis article offers a comprehensive analysis of the role of oral history research in documenting the experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the Chernihiv region and its significance for the development of memorial tourism amid the ongoing full-scale conflict. The purpose of the research of the article is to examine the mechanisms for integrating oral history testimonies about the war events in the Chernihiv region into memorial tourism practices, as well as to determine the role of this interaction in preserving collective memory, strengthening local identity, and enhancing civic engagement. It also examines methodological and ethical aspects of recording wartime experiences, the representation of traumatic narratives in public space, and mechanisms for integrating oral history into memorial routes. The research methodology combines general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) with those based on oral history, including the collection, transcription, and interpretation of individual eyewitness testimonies. The scientific noveltylies in the comprehensive analysis of the synergy between oral history research on wartime events in a specific region that experienced occupation (Chernihiv) and its direct application in the development of memorial tourism during an active phase of the conflict. For the first time, a critical perspective is offered on the integration of oral history into memorial tourism practices, focusing on the ethical and methodological challenges of documenting traumatic experiences. The study highlights the potential of oral history as a tool for consolidating nationalmemory, strengthening local identity, and effectively countering historical distortion—particularly relevant in the context of information warfare. Conclusions: The analysis demonstrates that oral testimonies serve as an invaluable source for reconstructing a comprehensive picture of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the Chernihiv region. Their integration into memorial routes and tourism initiatives has significant potential for preserving historical memory, reinforcing local identity, and encouraging civic engagement.Документ Participation of Women in the Management System in Spain During the Regime of F. Franco(Гельветика, 2025) Bachynska Yuliia; Бачинська ЮліяThe purpose of the article is to analyse the level of access of Spanish women to the system of governance and to highlight informal barriers to this access in the context of diminishing rightsand freedoms under Franco’s regime. The study of women’s participation in governance is part of a wider range of gender studies relating to the period of Franco’s dictatorship. The problem is relevant in view of the importance of studying the impact of gender stereotypes and prejudices on inequality of working conditions and pay, and opportunities for career advancement. The methodological basis of the study is based on the approaches of gender studies, political and social history. The following methods were used to accomplish the research objectives: diachronic, retrospective, and historical and genetic. The object of the study is gender inequality in Spain under the Franco regime. Despite the existence of extensive research on these issues, informalbarriers that prevent women from reaching the top of their careers remain insufficiently studied. The legal mechanisms for restricting women’s economic independence, participation in labour relations and access to prestigious positions also require more detailed research. The scientific novelty of the study is to generalise and systematise the mechanisms of building political, administrative and social barriers to women’s access to participation in labour and socio-political activities in Spain under the Franco regime. The article also highlights the influence of the official ideology of Francoism, the involvement of religious and social institutions in the formation of gender roles, their distribution and consolidation, the curtailment of the process of women’s emancipation and the establishment of a system of gender discrimination in the main spheres of public life. Conclusions.The socio-political system formed by Franco’s regime was institutionally based on patriarchal principles that limited women’s socio-political rights and their presence in public life, including in the public administration system. However, within the official discourse, specific forms of women’s involvement in phalangist structures, such as the «Women’s Section», were created. They played a supportive role in the social and educational spheres, which allowed for the instrumentalisation of women’s participation to deepen the indoctrination of the population. Some women held symbolic positions, but they were exceptions that proved the rule. It was only in the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of liberalisation, that the first practical steps were taken to overcome gender inequality in the administrative sphere. The results of this analysis confirm the hypothesis that there are not only legislative but also informal barriers to women’s access to leadership positions within the framework of gender relations established by Franco’s regime.Документ Development of Local History Tourism in Chernihiv Region After 1991: Historical Background, Transformations and Challenges(Гельветика, 2025) Lozytskyi Oleksandr; Лозицький ОлександрThe purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the formation, development and transformation of local history tourism in the Chernihiv region after 1991, and to identify the historical, sociocultural and political factors that have influenced tourism activities in the region amid Ukraine’s independence, digitalization processes, and external aggression. Methodology. The research employs an interdisciplinary approach, combining historical-genetic, comparative-analytical, and problem-chronological methods. The analysis is based on primary sources such as official statistics, regional tourism development programs, museum and archival materials, as well as academic and local history publications. In order to highlight modernchallenges, elements of content analysis of digital tourism platforms and public reports from regional cultural authorities are used. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive coverage of the stages of development of local history tourism in Chernihiv Oblast in the post-Soviet period –from the early initiatives of local heritage communities to its institutionalization through national reserves and tourism routes. For the first time in scholarly literature, the impact of external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the full-scale Russian invasion has been analyzed in relation to tourism infrastructure, including the destruction of heritage sites, the decline of visitor flows, and the increased importance of digital preservation and representation of historical memory. Conclusions. Chernihiv region is one of Ukraine’s richest territories in terms of historical and cultural heritage, maintaining tourism appeal even in times of crisis. The main stages of development include: the emergence of cultural and educational initiatives in the 19th century, mass school and trade union tourism in the Soviet era, post-Soviet commercialization, and the current digital transformation. Despite significant losses caused by war, the region retains a network of museums, reserves, and natural heritage sites, which may serve as a foundation for renewed routes, including memorial tourism. In the near future, key success factors will include the implementation of innovative digital navigation tools, the engagement of domestic tourists, and the development of partnerships between local communities and cultural institutions.Документ Sanitary Aspects of Water Supply in Poltava and Poltava Province in the Second Half of the 19th–Early 20th century: Medical knowledge, Legal Regulation and Socio-Economic Factors(Гельветика, 2025) Peshkov Dmytro; Пешков ДмитроPurpose of the study. The purpose of this research is to examine the development of sanitation in the field of water supply in Poltava and Poltava Governorate during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Particular attention is given to the role of physicians and medical societies in disseminating knowledge about waterborne infections, the preventive measures they proposed and implemented, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of existing sanitary legislation and administrative actions by local authorities. A significant part of the study is devoted to identifying the causes of water pollution and the economic and social factors that hindered consistent compliance with sanitary regulations.Methodology. The research is based on the combination of several historical approaches: the application of the microhistorical method to study specific cases of sanitary violations, actions of the authorities, and the reactions of the population; the use of the history of everyday life method, which allows tracing household practices in interaction with water sources and cultural perceptions water; critical analysis of sanitary legislation, government decrees, and administrative instructions; comparison of epidemiological statistics with documented violations and the level of hygienic culture during inter-epidemic periods. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian historiography, sanitary aspects of water supply in Poltava and the Poltava region are comprehensively studied through the lens of the interaction between medical knowledge, physicians’ recommendations, administrative actions, and daily practices of the population. It is shown that even in the presence of scientific discoveries and regulatory acts, the implementation of sanitary measures was constrained by economic limitations, insufficient public education efforts, and entrenched traditional customs Conclusions. Physicians and medical societies attempted to introduce scientifically grounded measures (cleaning wells, restricting the use of water bodies for industrial purposes, boiling drinking water). However, the effectiveness of these actions was reduced due to a lack of resources, legislative shortcomings, and weak enforcement. During epidemic outbreaks, the authorities responded more actively, but systemic and consistent sanitary policy was never fully achieved.Документ The Depiction of the Holocaust in Danish Cinema: Fiction and Documentary Approaches(Гельветика, 2025) Pestova Dar’ia; Пестова Дар’яThe article explores the prospect of using cinema to form a collective memory of the Holocaust. Attention is focused on the example of Denmark, due to the significant number of documentaries and feature films on the issue, made in the country or partially funded by it. In the study of documentary and feature films on the Holocaust produced in Denmark, it is noted that the authors of the films focus on two key issues: the rescue of the Jewish population to Sweden in 1943 and the stay of Danish Jews in the Theresienstadt camp. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the reflection of the Holocaust in Danish cinema and to determine the specifics of the reproduction of the Holocaust in Danish cinema. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematicity, which are realized through the use of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, and contextual analysis. Methods of historical, cultural, and cinematic analysis are used to study the depiction of the Holocaust in Danish cinema, as well as methods of interpreting feature films and documentaries to reveal the specifics of their depiction. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive analysis of the Holocaust in Danish cinema through a comparison of fiction and documentary films. The study reveals for the first time the specifics of cinematic comprehension of this topic in the context of cultural and social conditions in Denmark. Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to conclude that cinema is a key tool for the formation of collective memory, which not only preserves history but also influences contemporary public perception of the Holocaust. Documentary films play an important role in reconstructing events and educating, while fiction films play an important role in creating an emotional connection between the viewer and the past. Thus, cinematic works contribute not only to preserving the memory of the Holocaust, but also to fostering social responsibility and awareness of the inadmissibility of discrimination in the modern world.Документ Analysis of the Activities of the Vice-Rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute Under the Rectorships of Mykola Velikolug and Leonid Gnatyuk(Гельветика, 2025) Valiukh Oleksandr; Валюх ОлександрThe purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute during the rectorships of Mykola Velykuluh (1980-1985) and Leonid Hnatyuk (1985-1990) and to create a prosopographic portrait of the leadership of the higher education institution. The basis of the source base of the article was the personal files of the vice-rectors, which are stored in the Departmental Archive of the Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University. To implement the purpose of the study, we used biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of system analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the results of the created collective portrait of the rectors and vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv State Pedagogical Institute named after S. M. Sergeev-Tsensky Mykola Velykuluh and Leonid Hnatyuk, who worked alternately during the 1980s, have been introduced into scientific circulation. In the course of our research, we determined that thereis a continuity in their activities. This indicates the acquisition of experience and professional competence. That is, during the tenure of the rector L. Hnatyuk, the vice-rectorate was more stable. For the above reasons, the average age of vice-rectors at this time was also higher: 43.8years versus 40.2 years. Also, the indicator of highly qualified personnel in general in the period 1985-1990 was higher, as 80% versus 25%. In addition, the gender ratio was in favor of women during the rectorship of L.Hnatyuk. Conclusions. Thus, the comparative analysis conducted by us in this study and the created prosopographical and professional portrait of the vice-rectors of the Glukhiv State Pedagogical Institute helped us to better identify the features of the development of the higher education institution during the tenures of M.Velykoluh and L.Hnatyuk in the adjacent historical periods of the 1980s.Документ Formation and Development of Ukrainian-Italian Relations (Mid-17th - Early 21st Century)(2025) Cherkasov Oleksandr Oleksandrovych; Черкасов Олександр Олександрович; Bilichenko Lidiia; Біліченко ЛідіяThe article is devoted to the analysis of the study of Ukrainian-Italian relations from the 1650s to 2025. The aim of the work is a comprehensive study of Ukrainian-Italian relations in the political, economic, cultural and humanitarian spheres, from ancient times to the present day. To solve this problem, classical methods of historical science were applied – the principles of historicism, dialectics, systematics, which make it possible to study phenomena in the process of formation, formation and development, in an organic connection with the conditions that gave rise to them, the spirit of the time. The study is conducted taking into account the unity of internal and external, subjective and objective factors of the historical process. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of an analysis of the entire complex of sources used, taking into account existing scientific and research traditions. The scientific novelty. The study is the first attempt to comprehensively analyze a wide range of Ukrainian sources that reflect Italian-Ukrainian political and cultural contacts from the mid-17th century to the 21st century. Conclusions. The study showed the multifacetedness and depth of the issues related to the reflection of Ukrainian-Italian relations in sources of Ukrainian origin. Italian-Ukrainian contacts have a long history and date back to the times of the National Liberation War under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky to the present day. The most interesting example of political and economic communication is the opening of Italian consulates in the South of Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century, as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Directorate of the UNR and Italy in 1919. A new stage in the development of interstate relations began with the founding of the Ukrainian SSR, when Italian consular representations were founded in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odessa. Despite the fact that during the Second World War, Soviet-Ukrainian-Italian relations were suspended for some time, they became quite active in the 1950s. Since the proclamation of Ukraine’s Independence, Italy has become an important economic partner, and since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it has been actively providing assistance with weapons.Документ The Soft Power Policy of the Republic of Korea:Geopolitical Opportunities and Consequences(2025) Fedoriv Iryna; Федорів ІринаThe purpose of the article is to analyze the key aspects of geopolitical opportunities and consequences of the ‘soft power’ policy of the Republic of Korea, being actively implemented by the country in recent decades. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific methods (generalization, analysis, synthesis, concretization) and special historical methods (problematic-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological) are used. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to give an objective assessment of the ‘soft power’ policy of the Republic of Korea, outlining the achievements and prospects for its further implementation based on the analysis of modern foreign historiography and sources, and clarifying the country’s international policy strategy in the context of current geopolitical challenges and transnational threats. Conclusions. The Republic of Korea is one of the countries that attempt to make its values universally accepted through the policy of ‘soft power’ as well as the cultural and intellectual potential of the nation, in which it has achieved serious success in recent decades. It is proved that the ‘Korean wave’ (Hallyu) as part of the soft power approach had a positive impact on encouraging Korean cultural diplomacy. The Republic of Korea has clearly demonstrated the importance of soft resources and is increasing investments in their development every year through systematic national efforts. In the case of South Korea, such large companies as Samsung, Hyundai, and LG have successfully shown that soft power can be linked to the economy. The ‘Korean Wave’ has provided the country with a serious financial resource in various categories, such as animation, broadcasting, cartoons, games, cinema, music and TV series, fashion, and cosmetics. Economic success in one sector has led to improvements in others. The Republic of Korea has offered a new model of what an Asian country could look like in the 21st century: an advanced economy, democratic, technologically innovative, and culturally vibrant. It is with these resources that the country has successfully learned to persuade and ‘capture’ the world. Мета статті – проаналізувати ключові аспекти геополітичних можливостей та наслідків політики «м’якої сили» Республіки Корея, активно впроваджуваної країною в останні десятиліття. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на принципах історизму, об’єктивності, системності. Застосовано загальнонаукові (узагальнення, аналізу, синтезу, конкретизації) та спеціально-історичні (проблемно-хронологічний, історико-генетичний, історико-порівняльний, історико-типологічний) методи. Наукова новизна полягає у спробі дати об’єктивну оцінку політики «м’якої сили» Республіки Корея, окресливши здобутки й перспективи її подальшої реалізації на основі аналізу сучасної зарубіжної історіографії та джерел, з’ясуванні стратегії міжнародної політики країни у контексті сучасних геополітичних викликів та транснаціональних загроз. Висновки. Республіка Корея належить до країн, які прагнуть зробити свої цінності загальноприйнятими за допомогою політики «м’якої сили», культурного та інтелектуального потенціалу нації, у чому за останні десятиріччя вона досягла серйозних успіхів. Доведено, що «Корейська хвиля» (Халлю) як частина підходу «м’якої сили» мала позитивний вплив для заохочення корейської культурної дипломатії. Республіка Корея наочно продемонструвала важливість м’яких ресурсів та з кожним роком збільшує інвестиції в їх розвиток через системні національні зусилля. У випадку Південної Кореї такі великі компанії, як Samsung, Hyundai, LG успішно показують, що «м’яка сила» може бути пов’язана з економікою. «Корейська хвиля» забезпечила країну серйозним фінансовим ресурсом у різних категоріях, таких як мультиплікація, радіомовлення, мультфільм, ігри, кінематограф, музика і телесеріали, мода, косметика. Економічний успіх в одному секторі призвів до покращення в інших. Республіка Корея запропонувала нову модель того, як може виглядати азійська країна у 21 ст.: з передовою економікою, демократичною, технологічно інноваційною та культурно яскравою. Саме цими ресурсами країна успішно навчилася переконувати та «захоплювати» світ.Документ Local History Issues in the Scientific and Journalistic Activities of Bohdan Khavarivsky(2025) Kravchuk Leonid Vasylovych; Кравчук Леонід ВасильовичThe article aims to analyze the regional history issues in the scientific and journalistic activities of Bohdan Khavarivskyi and to determine his contribution to the study of history, heraldry, religious heritage, and archival affairs in the Ternopil region. The study seeks to systematize and generalize his scholarly and journalistic works, which address various aspects of regional history, including the history of settlements, urban symbolism, the role of archives in preserving historical memory, and the development of the regional history movement. Methodology. The study employs a historical and analytical approach, which involves examining Bohdan Khavarivskyi’s scholarly and journalistic works in the context of Ukrainian regional historiography. The research applies comparative analysis, critical interpretation of archival materials, content analysis of his articles in periodicals, and synthesis of the obtained data to identify key trends in his studies. Additionally, an interdisciplinary approach is utilized, integrating historical, ethnographic, philological, and heraldic research.Scientific Novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of Bohdan Khavarivskyi’s contributions to local history as an integral part of Ukrainian historiography and regional studies has been conducted. The study identifies the main thematic areas of his research: the history of settlements in the Ternopil region, the study of urban heraldry, the analysis of archival materials – particularly documents from the State Archive of the Ternopil region – and the promotion of the region’s religious history. The article also characterizes his methodological approach, which is based on the examination of primary sources and the introduction of little-known archival documents into scholarly discourse. Conclusions. Bohdan Khavarivskyi’s scientific and journalistic activities made a significant contribution to the development of local history in the Ternopil region and the formation of regional historical memory. His research on heraldry, the history of cities and villages, archival materials, and religious heritage has become a valuable source for studying the local history and ethnocultural identity of the region. Of particular significance are his works on the coats of arms of cities and towns in the Ternopil region, the history of Kremenets, Ternopil, and Borshchiv districts, the analysis of the activities of the Pochaiv Lavra, and the preservation of historical documents. His exploration of archival sources and lesser-known historical events enables a rethinking of the Ternopil region’s development as an important center of Ukrainian culture and history. The scholarly legacy of Bohdan Khavarivskyi remains relevant and promising for further research in the field of local history. His works can serve as a foundation for new investigations aimed at expanding knowledge about regional history, the evolution of urban heraldry, and the preservation of the documentary heritage of the region.Документ Ukraine and the United States of America:Bilateral Relations and Strategic Partnership at the Modern Stage(2025) Krupenia Iryna Mykolaivna; Крупеня Ірина Миколаївна; Lohvyn Ihor; Логвин ІгорThe article examines the current state and development trends of bilateral relations and strategic partnership between Ukraine and the United States of America in the 21st century. The main aspects of cooperation, including political, security, defense, economic, and humanitarian spheres, are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the role of the U.S. in supporting Ukraine amid Russian aggression, as well as the impact of international agreements, such as the U.S.-Ukraine Charter on Strategic Partnership, on deepening bilateral ties. Based on an analysis of modern geopolitical processes, the prospects for further strengthening of this partnership are forecasted, emphasizing its significance for ensuring regional and global security. The goal of the article is to explore the dynamics of Ukraine-U.S. bilateral relations and strategic partnership at the present stage. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientific rigor, systematicity, and objectivity, employing general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, systemic analysis, generalization, and comparison. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of contemporary Ukraine-U.S. relations, highlighting key trends and challenges in the context of global security threats and Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic integration aspirations. Conclusions. The study identifies the strengthening of strategic partnership between Ukraine and the U.S. as a critical factor in countering modern security challenges, particularly Russian aggression. Prospects for further cooperation include enhanced defense collaboration, economic support, and integration into Euro-Atlantic structures. A comprehensive approach, encompassing political, military, and economic dimensions, is essential for the sustainable development of this partnership.Документ Geopolitical and Logistical Dimensions of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(2025) Tykhonenko Iryna; Тихоненко Ірина; Berdila Illia; Берділа ІлляThe article attempts to analyze the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) from the perspective of the geopolitical and logistical dimensions of its implementation. The goal of the article is to study the impact of CPEC on China’s foreign policy initiatives, Beijing’s bilateral relations with Islamabad, and the level of influence of the project’s geopolitical and logistical components on the regional and global levels of international relations. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, systematicity, and objectivity with an appeal to the method of geopolitical analysis, using systematic analysis, and general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the analysis of the current state of CPEC, the main Sino-Pakistani infrastructure projects being implemented in the second phase of the project from 2022, and its overall impact on the geopolitical situation in the region and taking into account China’s global strategy. Conclusions. The implementation of CPEC within the framework of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative strengthens cooperation between China and Pakistan. At the same time, the implementation of a number of infrastructure projects have a positive impact on both states. Firstly, they help develop and stabilize the relevant areas involved in the corridor (for instance, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China, and the provinces of Balochistan and Gilgit- Baltistan in Pakistan). Secondly, there is a diversification of the logistics network of China’s trade routes in a global context with access to Asian and European markets. It is revealed that the CPEC is geopolitically involved in the regional rivalry between China and India, in particular through the ports of Gwadar and Chabahar, which serve as important transport hubs. The authors conclude that the successful implementation of the corridor will contribute to Pakistan’s economic growth, although it raises the question of its increasing dependence on Beijing. In turn, China’s positions in the economic dimension are strengthened that raised a perspective of the change in the balance of power in regional level.Документ Reaction of the Ukrainian Historical Community to Academic Plagiarism:High-Profile Casesof the First Quarter of the 21stcentury(2025) Zhovta Ilona Ivanivna; Жовта Ілона Іванівна; Kizlova Antonina Anatoliivna; Кізлова Антоніна АнатоліївнаThe purpose. The purpose of the study is to characterize key manifestations of the Ukrainian historical scholarly community’s response to resonant cases of plagiarism in historical research during the first quarter of the 21stcentury. Special attention is paid to the activities of professional historians in detecting and counteracting plagiarism, as well as their role in shaping public opinion regarding the problem of academic dishonesty in Ukrainian scholarship. Methodology. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The comparative-historical method is applied to compare different forms of the scholarly community’s response to violations of academic integrity. The classification method is used to systematize typical manifestations of the academic environment’s reactions. The activities of professional historians in detecting plagiarism are analysed considering both institutional and personal dimensions. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the first comprehensive study of the Ukrainian historical scholarly community’s response to cases of plagiarism in academic works. Conclusions. Public statements by historians about detecting plagiarism in colleagues’ works are characterized by high professionalism. Historians apply detailed textual analysis compare quotations, examine source bases and reference systems, identifying both textual borrowings and falsifications in working with archival materials, transformations and distortions of borrowed texts. Researchers also analyse chains of borrowings, structural plagiarism, and appropriation of concepts. The causes of plagiarism in historical research include: status enhancement, lack of professional competence, and pursuit of commercial gain. Institutional response manifests through official appeals to the National Agency for Higher Education Quality Assurance and the Ministry of Education and Science to revoke academic degrees from violators, and involvement of state institutions. Collective appeals by professional historians and lawsuits regarding copyright protection have been documented. Cases of plagiarism are discussed in academic and journalistic publications and on social media, contributing to the formation of public opinion about the unacceptability of plagiarism. An important aspect is the consistent positioning of researchers regarding the unacceptability of plagiarism regardless of the violator’s status.Документ Консенсус(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент The Fall and Generation of the Khazar Khaganate:Regional Ethnopolitical Changes(Гельветика, 2025) Ismailzade Saida Dzhafar; Ісмаїлзаде Саїда ДжафарThe article examines the collapse of the Khazar Khaganate in the 11th century, analyzes the causes of its decline, internal and external factors that led to the political and cultural crisis, as well as the significance of this process for understanding the dynamics of medieval Eurasia. Methodology. This research is based on the methods of historical analysis and an integrated approach, which includes the study of historical sources, archaeological data, as well as the application of modern theories and concepts in the field of medieval history. Important attention is paid to the interrelation of external economic and internal political factors that influenced the development and decline of the Khazar Khaganate. Scientific novelty. The work is a contribution to the study of the causes of the collapse of the Khazar Khaganate, especially in the context of the interaction of external threats and internal problems such as ethnic and religious differences, political instability and economic crisis. Special attention is paid to the role of the Byzantine Empire, Rus, and nomadic tribes such as the Pechenegs and Cumans in the process of weakening the khaganate. Conclusions: The collapse of the Khazar Khaganate was the result of a combination of various factors: external military threats, including clashes with Russia and Byzantium, as well as internal problems, including ethnic and religious conflicts, which contributed to political and social instability. The weakening of military power, dependence on mercenaries and the deteriorating economic situation further aggravated the situation of the khaganate. The influence of the foreign policy of neighboring states, as well as the religious assimilation of the elite, also played a role in the collapse of the Khazar state. The fall of the khaganate became a vivid example of how external threats and internal contradictions can lead to the rapid decline of even a powerful state that played a key role in the trade and political relations of Medieval Eurasia.Документ Pages From the Life of Oksana Lintvaryova(Гельветика, 2025) Berezhna Svitlana Viktorivna; Бережна Світлана Вікторівна; Diakova Olena; Дьякова ОленаThe purpose of the work is to highlight the life of Oksana Georgievna Lintvaryova. The methodological basis of the work is the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The article is based on philosophical and special scientific methods of the socio- humanitarian sphere of scientific knowledge. The scientific novelty consists in the formation of the biography of Oksana Lintvareva from the collected information found in various publications, clarification of the facts of some events in the life of this person. Conclusions. Oksana Georgiivna Lintvaryova lived a bright and dynamic life. She was born in 1908 and died in 2008, 8 months short of her centenary. She is the successor of two noble families of Slobid Ukraine – Lintvaryov and Bekaryukov. Being a noblewoman, she absorbed European, Russian and Ukrainian culture. She was surrounded by many famous Ukrainian writers and scientists. There were especially many of them in the 1920s - in the first half of the 1930s, when her mother worked at the State Publishing House of Ukraine, and Oksana herself was the operator of the first Ukrainian radio center. Before the war, she was the wife of prominent Ukrainian figures – Lev Kovaliv and Lev Chikalenko. Since 1943, she fell in love with Yuriy Shevelyov and to some extent helped him in his scientific work, often translating his studies into European languages. O. Zabuzhko calls her a ‘femme fatale’ because of her relationships with men. Nevertheless, her life was not easy. After a carefree childhood, she, as a representative of a noble family, from 1917 had to experience a lot of suffering during the years of the revolution and after its termination, to survive the arrest and execution of two men, to escape from her own arrest all the way to Chelyabinsk. After the start of the German-Soviet war, Oksana Georgievna deliberately stayed in occupied Kharkiv, and in 1943 she emigrated to the West. She took a direct part in events held by Ukrainian emigrants. Organizing the archive of her last husband, Lev Chikalenko, can be considered an important act of her life.Документ On the Study of Cast-Iron Firebacks of the «Cold Golden Age» of the Dutch Republic(Гельветика, 2025) Batenko Taras; Батенко ТарасThe purpose of this study is to explore the historical, cultural, and economic role of cast- iron firebacks («firebacks») in the context of the development of the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age of the 17th century. Methodology. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach that combines historical analysis, iconographic research on firebacks, and climate reconstructions to examine the impact of climatic conditions on the development of production, art, and daily life in the Netherlands. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the study analyzes the design specifics and symbolism of ‘Dutch’ cast-iron firebacks in the context of the cultural identity of the Dutch Republic. It describes their role as markers of social and political changes, particularly in the context of the struggle for independence and economic prosperity amid climate challenges. Conclusions. Cast-iron firebacks, or firebacks, became an important element of the material culture of the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age, which was characterized by cold winters. The Republic, known for its economic strength and ability to adapt to adverse climatic conditions, successfully applied advanced metallurgy technologies, particularly in the production of cast-iron firebacks for heating homes. Firebacks were not only practical household items but also significant cultural and political symbols. Their typology and design reflected key features of Dutch culture, particularly the importance of the sea, which played a crucial role in the development of the Dutch economy and navy, as well as the struggle for independence and the resilience of the Netherlands against external threats. The firebacks often feature maritime-themed symbols that emphasize the significance of fishing and trade routes for the economic stability of the Republic. For example, arched borders with marine motifs such as shells or dolphins strengthen this image. Political themes, such as the scene of ‘Our Lady of Holland’ on the ‘Pro Patria’ fireback, symbolize not only national pride but also the active involvement of women in the fight for rights and freedom, which had significant importance for the Republic in its struggle for independence from Spain. Thus, cast-iron firebacks are important not only as elements of daily life but also as cultural and political symbols that reflect the internal resilience and national identity of the Dutch Republic. They are integral part of the ‘Cold Golden Age’, a period when the Dutch were able to build one of the strongest economies in Europe by adapting their strategies to the harsh climatic conditions of the Little Ice Age.