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Документ On the Border Between Hetman Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine: Gadyach Road in the Second Half of the 17th - 18th Centuries(2025) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe purpose of the research. The article analyzes the passage of one of the regional communication routes that connected the territory of Hetman’s Ukraine with Sloboda Ukraine. The Hadiach Way is a watershed road with a minimum number of crossings. It is almost never mentioned in written sources, but is well depicted on maps of the first half of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purpose of the article is to obtain data on the route of this road, to find out the reasons that influenced the change of its route and to identify the stages of its development. The methodology of the study is to apply a comprehensive approach to the tasks at hand. We have scattered data contained in documents of the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, maps of the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, and general data on the development of the region on the border of the Hetman’s Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine. Comparing these data on the basis of modern maps allows us to create a holistic picture of the functioning of the Hadiach Way. This is facilitated by the involvement of archaeological data, which gives us a basis for the data on mounds mentioned in documents from the seventeenth century. As a result, we get several layers of information that complement the data on the relief of the territory using remote scanning. Thus, we get markers that allow us to operate with both historical and natural data. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the main route of the Hadiach Way in different chronological segments. These routes are the result of the economic development of the region under study. The Hadiach Way is a reflection of the economic ties between Hetman’s Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine, and its mapping allows us to clarify one of the important aspects of the economy of the Cossack era, namely the development of transport links. Conclusions. During its existence, the route of this road has changed several times. It depended on the emergence of new settlements in the region. At the first stage, the Hadiach Way connected Hadiach with the Azak fortress. This route was used for interstate border traffic between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Moskovia. The second route went through the villages of Kapustyntsi and Vasylivka to Mykhailivka and Lebedyn. At that time, the Hadiach Way was a significant economic road that connected the city of Hadiach with large villages and yeoman estates. During this period, the road was most in demand and had an important impact on the economic development of the region. The third route ran from Hadiach to Mykhailivka and Lebedyn and was intended to connect two major roads leading to Romny and Sumy.Документ Career Path of Notaries of the Nizhyn District Court (1874-1914)(2025) Artiukh Viacheslav Oleksiiovych; Артюх В’ячеслав Олексійович; Bilichenko Pavlo Hennadiiovych; Біліченко Павло ГеннадійовичThe purpose of the article is to reconstruct the professional path of notaries of the Nizhyn District Court for 1874-1914. The study of their professional path is helped by the search and involvement of archival documents of Fund 358 ‘Nizhyn District Court’ of the Department for Ensuring the Preservation of Documents of the State Archives of Chernihiv Region (Nizhyn). To implement the purpose of the study, biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of systemic analysis were used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the professional path of notaries who worked at the Nizhyn District Court in 1874-1914 has been introduced into scientific circulation. It was found that 57.1% (8) of the officials were of the Orthodox faith, 7.1% (1) were Roman Catholic, 7.1% (1) were Lutheran, and another 28.6% (4) were unknown. By class affiliation: 42.8% (6 people) – came from the nobility, another 42.8% (6) – came from the families of an archpriest, a burgher, a merchant, a collegiate councilor, an honorary citizen, a peasant, 14.3% – unknown. It was found that 28.6% (4) of notaries were born in the provinces: Poltava, Kherson, Chernihiv, Kyiv; another 7.1% (1) – Kursk, 7.1% – Courland provinces, 57.1% (8) – the place of birth could not be identified. It was recorded that 35.7% (5) had a special legal education. It was found that 21.4% (3) of people began their service in the Odessa, Katerynoslav, Nizhyn district courts. Before becoming a notary at the Nizhyn District Court, 28.6% (4) of people worked as bailiffs. I.M. Kardashevskyi alternately held the position of notary in the cities of Krolevets, Korop, Konotop, and Nizhyn. While Y.G. Ostrovskyi, G.O. Freitah Fon Lorynshof, M.P. Shepelev worked only in the city of Nizhyn, M.P. Pavlushenko – in the city of Krolevets, S.I. Marynych – in the city of Hlukhiv. At the time of taking up the position of notary at the Nizhyn District Court, the youngest in age was P.V. Sabbatovskyi (about 25 years old), the oldest was Y.G. Ostrovskyi (about 53 years old).Документ Construction Ceramics and Background Ornaments of the Mausoleums of the Ancient Settlement of Kharaba Gilan(2025) Beidullazade Vusala Fazil; Бейдуллазаде Вусала ФазілAzerbaijani architecture has gone through a long development path in its history from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The dwellings, defensive systems, public buildings and memorial monuments built in this large chronological range had their own architectural features. Over the centuries, construction techniques have improved, durable building materials have been discovered and spread all over the world. Among the building materials, it is worth mentioning construction ceramics and gage (lime with a mixture), which were widely used in the construction of memorial monuments and public buildings and contributed to the intensive development of architecture. The purpose of the study is to analyze the architectural features of the mausoleums of the Kharaba Gilan settlement, built using building ceramics and lime (lime with impurities), as well as to study their decorative elements, including geometric ornaments and epigraphy. Methodology. The study used complex methods of analysis: architectural and historical analysis, comparative method. The study of literary sources, archaeological data and materials of restoration works has been carried out. Scientific novelty. The work reveals the importance of gage and building ceramics in the development of Azerbaijani architecture, emphasizing their influence on the strength, aesthetic expressiveness and durability of buildings. The study demonstrates that ‘architectural shirts’ with ornamental and epigraphic elements not only served a decorative function, but also contributed to the preservation of buildings. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was found that building materials such as burnt bricks and tar paper contributed to the creation of stable and aesthetically perfect architectural objects. The use of ‘architectural shirts’ with geometric ornaments and epigraphy highlights the high level of construction technology in medieval Azerbaijan. The analysis showed that these architectural elements are important for the preservation of cultural heritage and require further research in the context of restoration and protection of monuments.Документ Novgorod-Siversky in the 13th – 18th Centuries: Analysis of Archaeological Research on the Topic(2025) Kedun Ivan; Кедун ІванThe article is devoted to the analysis of the archaeological materials available today on the history of Novgorod-Siversky in the 13th – 17th centuries. Based on the comparison of written sources and the results of recent archaeological research, a new perspective on the current state of archaeological research on the topic is proposed. As a result of the study, the fact is stated that archaeological materials allow us to take a new look at the settlement and functioning of the city in the corresponding period. The aim of the work is to determine the state of archaeological research of the period from the 13th to the 17th centuries, the city of Novgorod-Siversky. The methodological basis of the study is based on the analysis and verification of previous scientific conclusions with the materials of recent archaeological research. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that on the basis of recent archaeological materials, promising directions, periods and tasks for further research are determined in the work. Conclusions. Archaeological research materials indicate the continuation of life in the city after the Mongol invasion, however, further research should reveal the issues of the functioning of fortifications, the number and nature of the population and the economy. Materials from the 14th – 16th centuries, although occasionally encountered during excavations, do not currently represent the surviving complexes and do not provide an opportunity to fully illustrate this period of the city’s life. Instead, the 17th century is widely covered both in written sources and in archaeologically illustrated series of complexes. Future research should be devoted to an attempt to link the mentioned periods stratigraphically and significantly expand knowledge about the 14th – 16th centuries.Документ Credit and Banking Policy of the Zemsk Liberal Opposition of Northern Ukraine (70-80s of the 19th Century)(2025) Kotelnytskyi Nazar Anatoliiovych; Котельницький Назар АнатолійовичThe purpose of the study is to investigate the priorities of the credit and banking policy of the Zemstvo liberal movement at the stage of the 70s-80s of the 19th century. Methodology of the work. In the preparation of scientific research, a general scientific (methods of synthesis and analysis, deduction and induction, generalization) and a special historical (critical, problem-chronological methods, method of content analysis) research methodology was used, which generally ensured the achievement of the tasks set in the publication. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science, on the basis of primary sources, some of which are being introduced into international scientific circulation for the first time, the main imperatives of the credit and banking policy of the Zemstvo liberal party of Ukraine in the period of the 70s-80s of the 19th century are highlighted. Conclusions. The author came to the conclusion that credit and banking policy was a significant, integral and organic part of the economic program of the zemstvo liberal movement in the north of Left-Bank Ukraine in the 70s-80s of the 19th century. Analysis of historical sources convincingly indicates that the main imperatives of the economic program of the opposition aristocratic front of northern Ukraine reflected the ideological principles of Western liberalism of that time and were aimed at financial support, social protection and economic development of the largest class of the population of the Northern Left-Bank – the peasantry. In general, the credit and banking policy of the zemstvo liberal party of northern Ukraine performed a fundamentally important function of servicing the system of economic activity in the region and contributed to the progress of capitalist relations in the life of the country’s society.Документ Mortgage Credit System in the Middle Dnieper Region During the Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century(2025) Nykytenko Viktoriia; Никитенко ВікторіяThe purpose of the article is to reveal the essence, organisational principles, and functioning of the mortgage credit system in the Middle Dnieperian region during the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, as well as to determine its significance for the socio-economic development of the region, in particular for supporting the agricultural sector. The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of historical research: historicism, systematicity, and objectivity in the selection of facts and documents. Scientific novelty of the publication. The organisational principles of the activities of mortgage institutions, their key functions and role in providing financial support to the agricultural sector, the impact of mortgage lending on the economic development of the region, its social aspects, and adaptation to changes in the agricultural market in the context of reforms and modernisation are analyzed. It is emphasised that since the mid-1860s, a mortgage lending system based on new capitalist principles began to form in the territory of the Middle Dnieper region. The mechanisms of mortgage lending and their impact on the economic situation in Ukraine are studied. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Ukrainian branches of the Peasant Land Bank, which were quite effective. Both positive aspects and shortcomings of the implementation of the mortgage lending system in the Ukrainian provinces are identified. It is proved that the mortgage loan became one of the mechanisms for overcoming obstacles that complicated the penetration of capitalist relations into the agriculture of the Dnieper region in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Conclusion. Mortgage credit became one of the ways to circumvent the difficulties that stood in the way of the penetration of capitalist relations into the agriculture of the Dnieper region in the second half of the 19th century. In the first post-reform decades, there was a destruction of estate land ownership, mobilisation of land ownership, and growth of rent and mortgage debt, which ultimately led to the creation of conditions for free competition. The mortgage, which was used to purchase land, allowed delaying the payment of the entire amount for its use in the production sector. But here a contradiction arises: the funds used to purchase land were actually withdrawn from agricultural production. And since land in the Russian Empire was expensive, this led to the withdrawal of significant amounts from the production sector of the village. Mortgage credit and the associated debt of large landowners prompted the development of the process of land mobilization. Mortgages in general have become a natural phenomenon that has done its job, accelerating the capitalist restructuring of agriculture and causing social stratification of the countryside.Документ Participation of the Greek-Catholic Clergy in Cultural and Educational Processes in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period(2025) Zuliak Ivan Stepanovych; Зуляк Іван СтепановичThe purpose of the study is to analyze the main directions of educational and cultural activities of the Greek-Catholic clergy in the conditions of Eastern Galicia under the rule of the Polish Republic. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special historical (historical-genetic, comparative-historical) methods were used. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the stated topic and the introduction of archival materials into scientific circulation, which makes it possible to clarify the main directions of educational and cultural and educational activities of the Greek-Catholic clergy in the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. Conclusions. In the interwar period, the Greek Catholic parish clergy of Eastern Galicia played a key role in preserving national education and culture, and helped restore the financial and property status of parishioners. The clergy actively advocated for the preservation of schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, helped to conduct school plebiscites, and defended the right to study in Ukrainian. For educational purposes, the clergy created centers of the Prosvita society in parishes. The key goal of the cooperation between the branches and priests was to strive for the spiritual and cultural uplift of the Ukrainian people through the organization of education and cultural and educational activities in parishes. Priests were active members of Prosvita, participating in its meetings and events. They organized reading rooms, libraries, and gave lectures and speeches aimed at raising national consciousness and patriotism. The Greek Catholic Church provided practical and material support for the activities of Prosvita. The wives of Greek Catholic priests were actively involved in social activities and cultural and educational processes in parishes.Документ Primary Parish Education in Kherson Gubernia After the K. Pobedonostsev’s Reform (1884-1900)(2025) Tryhub Oleksandr; Тригуб ОлександрThe purpose of the paper is to determine the place and role of parish education, which was formed as a result of K. Pobedonostsev’s reforms, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses (the level of youth education, teacher training issues, material condition of schools, etc.), using a regional approach – the territory of the Kherson gubernia/eparchy. Conclusions. The reforms of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, had a significant impact on the development of parish education both throughout the Russian Empire and specifically in Ukrainian gubernias. The essence of his reforms was directed towards strengthening the Church’s role in teaching and upbringing, which, as evidenced by existing materials, had both positive and negative consequences. As a result, there was a rapid expansion of the network of parish schools, with complete subordination to the Holy Synod. By the end of 1884, there were 96 parish schools and literacy schools in the Kherson gubernia/eparchy, and by 1900, their number reached 657, with over 32,000 students. The main components of the educational process were the Law of God, reading church texts, writing, and arithmetic, with a focus on religious education. At the same time, as indicated by reports from the Kherson eparchy, agricultural, craft, and handicraft subjects began to be taught in the parish schools. On the other hand, parish education had to compete with zemstvo schools, which led to the scattering of financial resources, as the Kherson eparchy was one of those where the zemstvos financially supported this type of elementary school. However, the state funded parish schools more actively than the zemstvo schools. Unfortunately, despite the increase in the number of schools, the quality of education remained low due to the narrow curriculum. Illiteracy remained widespread, with more than 80% of peasants illiterate by 1897, as many children either did not attend school or left early. Furthermore, many peasant families preferred children’s labor at home or in the fields to providing education. Thus, Pobedonostsev’s reforms made parish schools the main tool for elementary education for peasants. They helped spread basic literacy, but at the same time limited secular education and contributed to the preservation of a traditional, religiously conservative approach to education.Документ The Development of Greek-Catholic Theological Education and Science in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period(2025) Kostiuk Lesia; Костюк ЛесяThe purpose of the study is to analyze the activities of the Greek Catholic clergy in the context of the development of theological education and science in the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special historical (historical-genetic, comparative-historical) methods were used. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of the stated topic and the introduction of archival materials into scientific circulation, which makes it possible to clarify the main activities of the Greek Catholic clergy in the context of the development of theological education and science in the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. Conclusions. In the first half of the twentieth century, the priestly profession in Eastern Galicia had a high social status. The system of theological education included five Greek Catholic seminaries and one higher educational institution, the Greek Catholic Theological Academy, which provided training. Under the Polish occupation, the seminaries were centers for preserving Ukrainian national identity, contributing to the education of patriotic clergy who played an active role in the national and cultural revival. The Academy became a center for the formation of Ukrainian theological schools of thought, promoting research in theology and church history. The curriculum combined theological disciplines aimed at developing practical skills with general education subjects such as languages (Ukrainian, German, French), history, and geography. The most successful graduates had the opportunity to continue their studies abroad. The Greek Catholic Theological Academy was an important scientific, educational, and cultural center that made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian theological science, education, and culture. Its activities contributed to the formation of a highly educated clergy, the development of scientific research and the establishment of interfaith dialogue.Документ Factors Influencing the Location of the Settlement Revealed in Layer I of the Mira Site(2025) Stepanchuk Vadym; Степанчук ВадимThe long-term settlement of the region by Palaeolithic humans was determined by the availability of three key factors: water, food, and raw materials for tool-making. In the continental climate of the Eurasian steppe zone, another crucial factor was the presence of shelters or materials for their construction. The objective of this article is to clarify the reasons that determined the location of the settlement in Layer I of the Mira site. The Upper Palaeolithic site of Mira, located in the Dnipro Valley, was situated in an area devoid of stone resources, which could have posed a significant limitation. However, the abundance of archaeological sites from this period in the region suggests its high attractiveness to prehistoric people. The applied methodology systematically integrates data from archaeology and the natural sciences concerning both the settlement itself and its immediate surroundings. As a tool for reconstructing the factors that determined the location of the settlement in Layer I of the Mira site, historical and ethnographic sources on the natural conditions of the region during the pre-industrial period are utilised. The comprehensive incorporation of archaeological, geological, ethnographic, and historical data is applied to the materials from Mira for the first time, which determines the novelty of both the approach and the conclusions obtained. The primary factor compensating for the lack of stone raw materials was likely the abundance of biological resources. An analysis of the landscape features indicates that before the construction of a cascade of reservoirs, the Dnipro Valley in the area of the Great Bend comprised a complex system of islands, meadows, lakes, and wetlands. This ecosystem provided stable sources of animal and plant materials, making the region highly favourable for hunter-gatherer groups. Historical and ethnographic sources help reconstruct the natural conditions of the region in the pre-industrial period, offering insights into the likely spectrum of resources available to Palaeolithic populations. Archaeological and natural-scientific studies reveal evidence that characterizes the seasonality of the settlement, hunting practices, economic and ritual activities, and the harmonious use of local natural resources. In conclusion, the application of a comprehensive approach to the study of the Mira site, integrating archaeological, natural science, and historical-ethnographic data, has proven effective and yielded meaningful results. This research provides a coherent explanation for both the factors influencing repeated human settlement in this region and specific aspects of domestic and technological behaviour, as well as the survival strategies adopted in Mira Layer I.Документ Relations of the Plast With the International Bureau and Czech Scouts in the Inter-War Period(2025) Olitskyi Viacheslav Oleksandrovych; Оліцький В'ячеслав ОлександровичThe article aims to study the relations of the Ukrainian Plast movement with the International Bureau and the Czech Scout Association in the 1920s and 1930s to analyze forms of cooperation and exchange of experience. The study’s methodological basis involves using both general and special scientific research methods, particularly problem-chronological, structural-logical, typological and diachronic analysis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time, based on the memoirs of Plast participants in international youth events, an analysis of inter-organizational relations between Plast and other associations and historical figures, was conducted, supplemented by the history of Czech-Ukrainian scout intra-organizational relations in the interwar period. Conclusions. In the 1920s–1930s, representatives of Ukrainian scouting carried out active international communication activities with other youth associations in Europe. The first attempt to establish contact with the scouting «centre» was the correspondence of Ukrainian Plast girls with the secretary of the International Council of Guides, S.V. Riede, regarding their participation in the V International Guide Conference held in 1928 in Hungary. Although the dialogue did not achieve its goal, the Ukrainian organisation firmly stated that Ukrainians were also an integral part of the World Scout Youth movement. Transcarpathian Plast, a member of Czechoslovakia’s internationally recognized Scout Federation, repeatedly participated in various jamborees. At them, Plast girls directly contacted representatives of other scouting delegations and communicated with famous figures, particularly politicians of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The latter had a different attitude towards Ukrainians: a probable reason could be their ideological views. The relations between Plast girls and Czech scouts were heterogeneous and dynamic. Working in the same organisation, they represented the Czechoslovak Republic internationally. The memoirs of the jamboree participants describe both their joint, friendly Czech-Ukrainian interaction and conflict situations, the tendency of which increased towards the end of the 1930s.Документ Консенсус(2024)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент Консенсус(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2024)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент Консенсус(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2024)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент Консенсус(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2024)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент Animal’s Pawprints on the Bricks of Medzhybizh Castle(2024) Stupak Alina; Ступак Аліна; Vietrov Viktor; Вєтров Віктор; Baranovskyi Anton; Барановський АнтонOccasional marks on bricks or other architectonic composites, with their potential to unveil environmental conditions at the time of their formation, attract scientific attention. The object of our research is the pawprints on bricks, a discovery made during the archaeological excavations of the historically significant Medzhybizh Castle (also known as Medzhybizh Fortress), located in the village of Medzhybizh, Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine. Brick, a popular building material, was continually used to construct palaces and residential and household objects of the Castle’s architectural ensemble. The studied collection of bricks, dating to the 15th-19th centuries, is the second most widespread material, after stone blocks, for constructing various elements of the Castle complex.This study aims to identify the animal species responsible for the pawprints found and showcase the valuable informational potential of animal pawprints on bricks as an archaeological resource. The findings of the study reveal that the imprints can be attributed to canines, felines, swine, even-toed ungulates, and domestic fowl (chickens). Animal tracks present on the brick blanks indirectly reflect the environmental elements. In the context of the brick materials utilizedin the construction of Medzhybizh Castle, the animal imprints indicate the presence of animals associated with the proprietors of the brickyard or those from neighbouring households and farms. Animals could have unintentionally traversed the brick blanks while roaming freely, possibly attracted by the mineral components of the brick mortar. The dimensions of a dog’s pawprints enable an estimation of the size of certain individual dogs and their count. The small size of the hoofed mammal`s tracks suggests they belonged to young individuals, indicating the spring-summer season during which the brick blanks were created. The positioning of the tracks on the brick provides insights into the speed patterns of the animals’ movements on the blanks.Therefore,the results of the pawprint study on bricks and other ancient ceramic products not only contribute to our understanding of the past but also have practical applications in the scientific and museological spheres, making this research highly relevant and its applications tangible.Документ Localization of the Bilsk Transportation According to Archaeological Research and Remote Sensing(2024) Korotia Oleksii; Коротя Олексій; Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe article is devoted to the localization of one of the crossings of the Vorskla River near the village of Bilsk. The Bilsk crossing is mentioned in written sources only once without its exact location. This is a little-known river crossing, but its functioning is closely related to the history of the region’s settlement and the development of transport infrastructure.The aim of the work is to determine the location of the Bilsk crossing in the early modern period, to find out the features of its structure and functioning, as well as to analyze archaeological artifacts that may be related to the functioning of the crossing.To solve this problem, the methods inherent in complex source studies were applied. They combine the analysis of written sources, data from archaeological excavations and surveys, and remote sensing of certain areas. The latest remote sensing devices were used – unmanned aerial vehicles and ground-based LIDAR. These devices made it possible to obtain a detailed view of thearea, which is covered with dense forest, as well as to display artificial transformations that arose during the operation of the crossing. Conclusions. As a result of applying the data obtained, the places where a stop could have taken place before crossing the river were identified. One of the key points of the study is to identify the places where the descent into the floodplain and ascent to the original bank took place. As a starting point for the research, we chose the village of Bilsk as the place name that gave the crossing its name. Subsequently, we analyzed the hydrographic objects - the Vorskla and Rubizhna rivers - and found out their flows in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries based on maps. More attention was paid to determining the location of the crossing on the left bank of the Vorskla River, as the choice of a place to ascend is not as obvious as on the right bank.To confirm our assumption, we used data from archaeological surveys on the left bank of the Vorskla River, north of Kotelva. According to the research, artifacts of the Cossack period werefound in only one place, namely at the settlement “Staryi Karier” in the Zinkivshchyna tract. All of the discovered artifacts date back to the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries and are somehow related to vehicles or items needed for travel. Indirect evidence is the absence of ceramics from this period, which excludes the possibility of a small farm in the early modern period. The analysis of the terrain revealed the remains of a dried-up lake, which could have been a source of water for horses and oxen of travelers, as well as a ramp that could be conveniently climbed up the cape’s arrow to the first floodplain terrace on the left bank of the Vorskla.The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that by comparing the data obtained from various sources, we were able to reconstruct the route that led from the village of Bilsk to the crossing of the Vorskla River and the place where the ascent to the left bank of this river took place.Документ Exploration and Monitoring of Early Paleolithic Sites in the Luhansk Region (2014–2021)(2024) Vietrov Viktor; Вєтров ВікторAfter 2014, the conditions for early Palaeolithic field research in Ukraine changed because of the Russian aggression. Firstly, these changes became noticeable in the studies of Crimea and the eastern regions. Such changes are associated with the danger of conducting fieldwork and the impossibility of planning expeditions and field practices. In 2014, we still conducted exploration and dug a test pit in the east of the Luhansk region. However, since 2015, in connection with the occupation of Luhansk, the work of the Eastern Division of the Lower Palaeolithic Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was forced to stop. The article aims to investigate there were no attempts to conduct archaeological reconnaissance in the east of the country in the Luhansk region. Our colleagues and patriots who found themselves in the occupied territory also carried out search operations and monitoring of Palaeolithic monuments damaged by the war whenever possible. The scientific novelty of this research lies in its first-ever analysis and systematization of information about works 2014-2021 were carried out at known and newly discovered locations: Vyshnevyi Dil, Shturmanske, Lysychansk-Zhelatyn, and Osynove in the Luhansk region. Conclusions. Part of the found artefacts were transported to the non-occupied territory of Ukraine and handed over to the Museum Fund of Ukraine. A crucial aspect of the study of the Early Palaeolithic was the processing and systematic transfer of the explored material of the Early Palaeolithic to the museum funds. In this direction, the museum fund of the State Historical and Cultural Reserve “Mezhybizh” became a hub containing scientific materials of the Early Palaeolithic from the east of Ukraine.Документ The Problem of the Functioning of the Chernihiv Teachers’ Seminary and the Land Liberalism of the Northern Left-Bank (1870s)(2024) Kotelnytskyi Nazar Anatoliiovych; Котельницький Назар АнатолійовичThe purpose of the study is to illustrate the long-term evolution of the policy of zemstvo liberalism of the Northern Left Bank regarding the problems of the functioning of the Chernihiv Teachers’ Seminary. Methodology of the work. In preparing the article, a general scientific (methods of synthesis and analysis, deduction and induction, generalization) and special-historical (critical, comparative-historical, problem-chronological methods, content analysis) research methodology was used, which generally ensured the achievement of the tasks set in the publication. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science, the position of the zemstvo liberal party of northern Ukraine regarding the life and support of the Chernihiv Teachers’ Seminary is considered. Conclusions. The author came to the conclusion that the problem of the functioning and life of the Chernihiv Teachers’ Seminary was the subject of constant attention of the region’s zemstvo liberalism during the 1870s. Analysis of historical sources convincingly testifies to the fact of the long-term evolution of the opposition aristocratic front of the region in its attitude towards the educational institution. The watershed was the official request of the Ministry of Public Education to transfer the educational institution to the competence of the central department. An educational institution important for the Northern Left Bank became a victim of the ideological conflict between the central bureaucracy of the Russian Empire and the electoral system of the zemstvo self-government. Members of the opposition aristocratic front, not wanting to implement in practice and be responsible for the conservative educational policy of Russian absolutism, took a principled step and advocated the closure of the educational institution.Документ Director of the Sumy State Pedagogical Institute Dmytro Nukalov:Stroke to the Biography Against the Background of the Day(2024) Kushch Yaroslav Mykolaiovych; Кущ Ярослав Миколайович; Semeshyn Eduard Volodymyrovych; Семешин Едуард ВолодимировичBased on an extensive range of archival sources, the article reflects the biography of Dmytro Nukalov, a graduate and director of the Sumy State Pedagogical Institute. The study aims to comprehensively reconstruct the biography of D.Nukalov as an educator, scientist, and manager and outline promising directions for further research.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that D.Nukalovʼs life story has, for the first time, become the subject of an independent, comprehensive scientific investigation. Highlighting the life path of this figure is significant for studying the past of the Sumy region, particularly in the context of educational history.The methodological basis of the study is the biographical method, utilizing the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism, and a combination of systemic and regional approaches aimed at a critical scientific analysis of a complex of historical sources.Conclusions. The study of D.Nukalovʼs life path emphasizes the necessity of integrating his biography into the broader context of Soviet educational policy, political repression, and ideological pressure. This allows for a deeper understanding of the interaction between the individual and society under a totalitarian regime.Analysis and introduction into circulation of a wide range of archival documents allowed us to sufficiently reconstruct the life and work of D.Nukalov. It was established that he spent most of his life (1931-1941, 1943-1954) working in Sumy, where he held prominent teaching, administrative, and party positions. Particular attention is given to his socio-political activities, scholarly pursuits, teaching at the Sumy Mechanical Engineering College (March 1934 – January 1939), and managing the Sumy State Pedagogical Institute (July 1940 – September 1941 and November 1944 – September 1948). In the general context of the biography, the contribution of D.Nukalov as the head of the institute to its development and functioning in the post-war period is determined. The primary cause of the destruction of his career and life has also been revealed.