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Документ Консенсус(2025)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент Консенсус(2025)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент The «Timber Sycamore» Program As an Instrument of American Influence in Syria: a Historical Analysis(2025) Mykhtunenko Viktoriia Viktorivna; Михтуненко Вікторія ВікторівнаThe article examines the «Timber Sycamore» program, initiated by the CIA and U.S. allies to support the Syrian opposition during the Syrian Civil War. It analyzes the political and strategic motives of American foreign policy, the mechanisms of cooperation with regional partners (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey), and the impact of this covert operation on the course of the conflict. The program’s role as an instrument of proxy warfare is assessed, and conclusions are drawn regarding its implications for regional security and global geopolitical rivalry. The purpose of this article is to conduct a historical analysis of the «Timber Sycamore» program as an instrument of American influence in Syria and to evaluate its political, strategic, and security consequences for the civil war and regional stability in the Middle East. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systemic analysis, employing a combination of methods: the historical method is used to reconstruct the stages of the program’s creation and implementation; the comparative-political method is applied to juxtapose it with other American operations, including the Afghan “Cyclone” program; a systems approach allows the program to be considered as part of the broader U.S. strategy in the Middle East; and the geopolitical approach facilitates the assessment of the program within the context of U.S. – Russia global rivalry. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive historical analysis of the «Timber Sycamore» program as an instrument of American influence in Syria. Conclusion. The «Timber Sycamore» program served as a key instrument of American influence in Syria, implemented through support for opposition forces within the framework of proxy warfare strategy. Analysis shows that, despite substantial financial and military-technical resources, the program did not achieve its primary objective of regime change in Bashar al-Assad’s government. At the same time, it affected regional stability, intensified competition among external actors, and demonstrated the limitations of covert operations in complex, multi-layered conflicts.Документ Results of Research on the Settlement Staryi Karier Near Kotelva in 2024(2025) Shaporda Oleh Mykolaiovych; Шапорда Олег Миколайович; Olitskyi Viacheslav Oleksandrovych; Оліцький В'ячеслав ОлександровичThe publication presents the results of excavations at the Staryi Karier settlement (Kotelva village council, Poltava district, Poltava region) by the expedition of the Historical and Cultural Reserve «Bilsk» in 2024. The work was carried out as part of a scholarship programme from the German Archaeological Institute. Research continued at excavation site 2. Cultural layers were discovered that belong to two historical and cultural horizons – the end of the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. Also, as in previous archaeological seasons, finds from the Modern Era were collected on the territory of the settlement, which may be evidence of the existence of a stop here on the road that led to Bilsk through the Vorskla floodplain. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of the coexistence and interpenetration of two archaeological cultures of the final stage of the Bronze Age – Lebedivka and Bondarykha – and the reinterpretation of the presence of layers of the Ivanivka culture. The purpose of this article is to highlight information about the excavations in 2024 at the Staryi Karier settlement and to analyse the antiquities discovered during the research. The methodology consists of applying general scientific and special historical research methodologies, which, in general, ensured the achievement of the objectives set out in the publication. The scientific novelty lies in the discovery and analysis of intercultural interactions among the forest-steppe population during the post-log cabin period and the early Iron Age. Conclusions. The research conducted by the expedition of the Historical and Cultural Reserve «Bilsk» in 2024 at the Staryi Karier settlement has yielded important scientific results. The Bronze Age dwelling discovered during the previous field season has been further investigated, and its location already allows us to speak of the street layout of the settlement. A number of new objects from both the post-log cabin period and the early Iron Age were discovered. A collection of antiquities from the two periods mentioned above, which is quite presentable in terms of exhibition and informative in terms of science, was assembled, and interesting finds from a later period were discovered.Документ Negotiations of the Polish Diplomatic Mission to the Ottoman Empire With Ecumenical Patriarch Meletius IV (Metaxakis) Concerning the Autocephaly of the Orthodox Church in Poland (July 1922 – January 1923)(2025) Starodub Andrii; Стародуб АндрійThe aim of the article is to analyze the process of establishing the autocephalous status of the Orthodox Church in Poland during the years 1921–1924, with particular emphasis on little- known archival sources discovered in the collection of the Embassy of the Second Polish Republic in Great Britain. The study focuses on the genesis of negotiations with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople during the patriarchate of Meletius IV, as well as the external political and interconfessional factors that influenced the course of events. The primary sources examined include Polish diplomatic correspondence, which reflects the dynamics of the negotiation process. The methodological framework of the research is based on principles of historical retrospection, source criticism, systemic analysis, and comparative method, enabling the reconstruction of the processes under study within a broad contextual landscape. The scholarly novelty of the article lies in the introduction of new archival materials into academic circulation. These sources shed light on the little-studied phase of negotiations between the Polish government and the Ecumenical Patriarch in 1922, clarifying the positions of both parties. The analysis reveals that the Polish authorities sought recognition of autocephaly without excessive interference from the Patriarchate in internal ecclesiastical affairs, whereas Patriarch Meletius aimed to assert a broader vision of his historical rights – based on the fact that the Kyiv Metropolis had belonged to the Patriarchate of Constantinople until 1686 – and his jurisdictional influence as the primus inter pares among Orthodox Church leaders. The study concludes that the course of negotiations was shaped by pragmatic considerations, divergences in the positions of both sides, and adverse external circumstances, including Poland’s internal political situation and pressure from the Turkish government on the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The most active phase of contacts lasted from August to December 1922, after which the process transitioned into a more «technical» dimension. Метою статті є спроба проаналізувати процес встановлення автокефального статусу Православної Церкви в Польщі у 1921-1924 рр., зокрема на основі маловідомих архівних джерел, виявлених у фонді посольства Другої Речі Посполитої у Великій Британії. У центрі дослідження – генеза переговорного процесу з Константинопольським патріархатом у період патріаршества Мелетія IV, а також зовнішньополітичні та міжконфесійні чинники, що вплинули на хід подій. Основними опрацьованими джерелами є польська дипломатична кореспонденція, в якій відображено перебіг переговорів. Методологія дослідження базується на принципах історичної ретроспекції, джерелознавчої критики, системного аналізу та порівняння, що дозволяє реконструювати динаміку досліджуваних процесів у широкому контексті. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у введенні до наукового обігу нових джерел, які деталізують маловивчений етап переговорів польського уряду та Вселенського патріарха у 1922 р. та уточнюють позиції сторін. Встановлено, що польський уряд прагнув здобути визнання автокефалії без надмірного втручання патріархату у церковні справи в Польщі, тоді як патріарх Мелетій прагнув реалізувати ширше бачення своїх історичних прав (базованих на факті перебування до 1686 р. Київської митрополії в складі Константинопольського патріархату) та юрисдикційного впливу (як першого за честю серед предстоятелів Православних церков). На основі аналізу проблеми зроблено висновок, що перебіг переговорів був зумовлений як розбіжностями в позиціях обох сторін, так і несприятливими (форс- мажорними) зовнішніми обставинами (складна внутрішньополітична ситуація в Польщі, тиск уряду Туреччини на Константинопольський патріархат тощо). Відзначено, що найактивніша фаза контактів тривала з серпня по грудень 1922 р., після чого процес перейшов у «технічну» площину.Документ Ukrainian Displaced Persons and the Problem of Preserving Religious Identity in the United Kingdom (1940s–1950s)(2025) Volik Nadiia; Волік Надія; Pryidun Stepan; Прийдун СтепанThe post-war wave of Ukrainian migration to the United Kingdom, predominantly composed of former prisoners of war, Ostarbeiter, and Displaced persons, represented a significant stage in the development of the diaspora and posed challenges for maintaining national and religious identity. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive examination of the issue of preserving the religious identity of Ukrainian migrants in the United Kingdom during the 1940s–1950s, who were classified as Displaced persons and European Volunteer Workers. The article traces the interrelation between the socio-economic conditions of living in prisoner-of-war camps, hostels, and workers’ settlements and the spiritual life of Ukrainians. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, interdisciplinarity, and objectivity, employing source-critical analysis of archival materials, eyewitness memoirs, and published studies on the history of the Ukrainian diaspora. The scientific novelty of the study lies in highlighting a little-explored aspect of Ukrainian emigration history – the formation and preservation of religious identity. The conclusions emphasize that religion served a dual function for Ukrainians in the United Kingdom: providing spiritual support amid socio-economic challenges and serving as a marker of national identity. The organization of parish life, cultural centers, and religious communities partially mitigated assimilation processes and laid the foundations for the development of Ukrainian religious and cultural life within British society.Документ The Syrian Dimension of U.S. Foreign Policy (2013-2017): the Strategy of the Barack Obama Administration(2025) Zhukov Oleksandr Volodymyrovych; Жуков Олександр ВолодимировичThe article examines the Syrian dimension of United States foreign policy in 2013–2017, which became one of the key challenges for the Barack Obama administration. In the context of the civil war in Syria, the rise of terrorist threats, and regional instability, the United States had to combine diplomatic, military, and humanitarian measures to achieve its foreign policy objectives. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive analysis of the main goals, instruments, and outcomes of U.S. policy toward Syria, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of the chosen strategy. The methodology involves qualitative analysis of primary sources, including official statements, policy documents, and international reports, alongside a systematic review of secondary scholarly literature on U.S. foreign policy and Middle Eastern geopolitics. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the integrated evaluation of political, military, and humanitarian aspects of the Obama administration’s approach, highlighting the interconnection between diplomatic efforts, counterterrorism measures, and humanitarian policy. Conclusion. The study concludes that the limited intervention strategy pursued by the administration yielded mixed results: on the one hand, it helped avoid a large-scale military conflict, while on the other, it constrained U.S. influence on the course of events in the region. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of contemporary U.S. foreign policy strategies and their impact on international norms of conflict management.Документ Homiletic Heritage of Archbishop Vasyl (Bogdashevsky): Style, Theme, Theological Emphasis(2025) Yashyn Vladyslav; Яшин ВладиславThe aim of the article is a comprehensive study of the homiletic heritage of Archbishop Vasyl (Boghdashevsky), in particular, an analysis of the stylistic features, thematic content, and theological accents of his sermons in the context of the Orthodox tradition and the socio- ecclesiastical challenges of the early 20th century. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematicity, which allows for a comprehensive consideration of the homiletic heritage of Archbishop Vasyl (Boghdashevsky). The study combines a text-centric approach with methods of historical and theological analysis, taking into account the peculiarities of the Orthodox homiletic tradition. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the article for the first time carries out a holistic analysis of the homiletic heritage of Archbishop Vasyl (Bogdashevsky) as an independent object of research. The work analyzes his sermons in terms of content, style, and theological emphasis, which had not previously been the subject of special scientific study. Studying the features of his church sermon is an important part of his scientific, theological, and church activities. The study draws on a wide range of sources, including some archival materials and sermon texts published in the «Trudy KDA», most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. This allows for a comprehensive assessment of the content and significance of Archbishop Vasyl’s preaching work. Main results of the study: It was established that the homiletic heritage of Archbishop Vasyl encompasses a wide range of sermons and speeches delivered on various occasions. His sermons are distinguished by their theological depth, stylistic clarity, oratorical skill, and reflect the Orthodox tradition, attitudes towards spiritual issues, and events in church and public life.Документ The Main Factors of Consolidation of Ukrainian Society: Essence, Content, Problems(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Boiko Oleksandr; Бойко ОлександрThe article reveals the relevance, essence and content of social consolidation processes; an attempt is made to systematize the views of scientists on the factors that contribute to social consolidation; the basic factors of the process of consolidation of Ukrainian society are comprehensively analyzed and generalized; the complex of problems and inhibiting factors that in modern conditions become an obstacle to nationwide consolidation is characterized; ways and means of eliminating obstacles to social consolidation processes are proposed. The purpose of the article is to study the factors that determined the relevance of the problem of consolidation of Ukrainian society; to identify and characterize the main factors that contribute to social integration; to analyze the complex of problems and inhibiting factors that hinder social unity; to determine actions and measures that would contribute to the positive effect of factors of consolidation of society. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis and generalization of the factors of consolidation of Ukrainian society in changing historical circumstances. Conclusions. The process of consolidation of Ukrainian society depends on the organic combination of a whole complex of various factors of social life, which, interacting with each other, collectively ensure public unity, conciliarity, ethnic identity; preserve traditions and stimulate the development of culture, language and social memory; guarantee state stability, contribute to economic stability, ensure the ability of the national community to adequately and effectively respond to external and internal challenges of the time. Relevant areas of study of the raised problem in the future may be research into both methodological and conceptual, as well as applied and instrumental components of ensuring national unity and consolidation of society.Документ The Ukrainian School’ Society in Interwar Rivne(2025) Davydiuk Ruslana Petrivna; Давидюк Руслана ПетрівнаThe purpose of this scientific article is to analyse the state of schooling and the circumstances surrounding the emergence of «The Ukrainian School Society» in interwar Rivne, to determine its structure, to identify its most important tasks, primarily the promotion of the Ukrainian private gymnasium in Rivne, and to summarise the educational situation of Ukrainians in the city under the Second Polish Republic. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, verification, and the application of historical-problem and historical-chronological methods. The author was guided by methodological approaches related to the study of interethnic relations in interwar Poland. Scientific novelty. Based on archival documents and interwar periodicals, the activities of the Ukrainian School Society were analysed, internal contradictions were revealed, and the achievements and difficulties of its work were identified. Conclusions. Polish-Ukrainian relations in the field of education in the Volhynia Voivodeship were characterised by complexity and various restrictions on the development of Ukrainian-language schooling. The main problems were the high level of illiteracy among Ukrainians, the insufficient number of Ukrainian schools, and the introduction of utraquism (bilingualism). The number of Ukrainian schools was extremely disproportionate to the number of Ukrainians in Volhynia. The idea of spreading the Ukrainian language as a subject of study in Polish schools, proposed as part of Henryk Juzewski's «Volhynia experiment», did not resolve interethnic conflicts and was far from satisfying the educational needs of Ukrainians. The inability of the Polish authorities to satisfy the rights of the largest national community in the field of education led to the emergence of Ukrainian private gymnasiums in Rivne, Lutsk and Kremenets. Through their own efforts, Ukrainians created societies that dealt with the problems of these private gymnasiums. «The Ukrainian School» Society helped the Ukrainian private gymnasium in Rivne. Despite constant control by the Polish authorities and disagreements within the society's leadership, its activists did a lot of work, although not all tasks were solved, in particular, they did not manage to transfer the gymnasium to a public one. However, they managed to accumulate valuable experience in the struggle for Ukrainian schools, their native language, and the preservation of national traditions. The main achievement of the Rivne Ukrainian private gymnasium was its graduates, who in the following period took an active part in the struggle for an independent Ukraine.Документ The Complex of Monuments in the Territory and Surroundings of the Bilsk Hillfort: Current Issues in Determining the Boundaries of a Culturalheritage Site(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Korost Ihor; Корост Ігор; Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe Poltava and Sumy regions are home to a unique cultural heritage site of national importance – the complex of monuments in the territory and surroundings of the Bilsk hillfort. The site is central to the entire archaeological microregion. In fact, the complex can claim international status and requires a special level of protection and preservation.One of the pressing issues in the current study of this cultural heritage site is the identification of its components (monuments) and territorial boundaries. The main objective of this article is to provide a scientifically sound (based on fundamental monument preservation and archaeological research) definition of the boundaries of the complex.The Bilsk hillfort and the monuments in its surroundings have been studied by scientists since 1906. Accordingly, a database of the main components of the Bilsk complex has been formed over this time. However, the issue of the boundaries of this site has largely been ignored by researchers. It has never been a priority. However, at this stage of development of heritage preservation in the Bilsk archaeological complex, this issue is surprisingly relevant. The scientific novelty of this work is that the authors, based on the analysis of data from researchers of the microregion, the study of archival materials, and legislative documents, reasonably determine the boundaries of this large-scale complex.The work is based mainly on historiographical analysis and involves the use of source material. In addition to general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description, etc.), important and generally accepted special methods of historical research were used: historical-comparative, historical-descriptive, historical-typological, and cartographic methods. Methods of systematization and generalization made it possible to draw important conclusions.Based on the results of the research, the authors prepared a map of the monuments of the Bilsk archaeological complex with the proposed boundaries of objects.Документ Wood-and-Earth Materials in the Military Architecture of Forest-Steppe Saltovo-Mayaki Hillforts(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Svystun Hennadii; Свистун Геннадій; Kvitkovskyi Viktor; Квітковський ВікторThe article presents the main results of a study on forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts, whose defensive structures show no evidence of the use of building stone or its substitute, fired brick, and feature only wood-and-earth fortifications. An analysis of their locations reveals certain areas where they quantitatively predominate or are the sole type compared to those with masonry defensive structures. The article presents various viewpoints of researchers and the authors' explanations regarding the origins of such construction and the role of hillforts with wood-and-earth fortifications, as well as the purpose of their construction.The aim of the article is to highlight the main results of the study of forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts and to summarize the current state of knowledge about them. The authors also intended to explain the role of these hillforts in the forest-steppe region, which was settled by the carriers of the Saltovo-Mayaki cultural and historical community, based on the current state of knowledge about this group of sites.The methodological basis of the study was the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematic analysis, using general scientific methods to study phenomena in specific historical conditions. The analysis of natural and geographical conditions helped to determine the main available building materials used by ancient builders. Historical geography and geology data were used to identify locations with a concentration of defensive structures made from different types ofbuilding materials.Scientific novelty of the publication. For the first time, forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts with exclusively wood-and-earth defensive structures have been subjected to a specialized comprehensive analysis. The overall state of their research has been revealed, and possible explanations for this type of defensive architecture are provided.Conclusions. Due to their solitary and sporadic location across the forest-steppe (in the adjacent zone of the middle course of the Seversky Donets River, they are, according to current data, the exclusive type) against the backdrop of the general cartography of Saltovo-Mayaki forest-steppe fortifications, wood-and-earth forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts are most likely shelter sites for the Saltovo-Mayaki population during the initial (more probable) or final stages of their stay in the colonization zone. This may also indicate the limited resources of certain communities in the specified territory, which could not afford to allocate significant labor. However, it is not excluded that such fortifications could have been considered sufficient for the Oskil microregion in the upper reaches of the river, where a large ferrous metallurgy center was archaeologically discovered. Here, such hillforts predominate.Wood-and-earth fortifications were attempted to be created with minimal costs, using the most accessible building materials, which were wood and soil excavated during the digging of moats.Документ Activities of the German-Ukrainian Platform «Kyiv Dialogue» in Mykolaiv Region (2017-2020)(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Homoniuk Yevhen; Гомонюк ЄвгенThe article analyzes materials related to the activities of the German-Ukrainian platform «Kyiv Dialogue» in southern Ukraine, particularly in the Mykolaiv region, in 2017-2020. It was found that the platform built its work in the region on behalf of the German non-profit organization «European Exchange gGmbH» («Europäischer Austausch gGmbH») and in cooperation with the International Renaissance Foundation and local partners, and within the framework of two programs, «Strengthening Citizen Participation and City Development in the Regions of Ukraine» (2017-2019) and «United Network of Cities in Eight Regions of Ukraine to Support Local Reforms» (2019-2020), with financial support from the German Federal Foreign Office. The study focuses on specific projects and initiatives that have been implemented in the region, their results, and their significance for local communities. The aim of the article is to study and highlight the activities of the German-Ukrainian platform «Kyiv Dialogue» in the Mykolaiv region during 2017-2020 in the context of supporting the development of civil society, decentralization reform, and the formation of local initiatives, as well as to assess its impact on small towns and communities as an instrument of Germany's «soft power» in the region. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the first comprehensive analysis of the activities of the Kyiv Dialogue program in Mykolaiv region, highlighting its role in supporting local initiatives, strengthening citizen participation, and developing cities in the context of decentralization reform. Specific examples of successful projects that have contributed to the dissemination of knowledge about European values, project management practices, and fundraising are highlighted. The influence of the German Federal Foreign Office and the International Renaissance Foundation on these processes is also identified. Conclusions. The activities of the Kyiv Dialogue in Mykolaiv region have become an example of successful international cooperation, which not only provided financial support to small towns and newly formed territorial communities, but also contributed to the strengthening of civil society and the development of local identity. This cooperation resulted in dozens of public events and micro-projects, such as the opening of youth spaces, the creation of media centers, and educational programs for young people. Overall, the initiative helped to foster a positive attitude towards European processes and values and supported the further democratization of Ukraine.Документ Representation of the 1863 Polish Uprising in the Mykolaiv Military Governor’s Chancellery Records(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Kartuzov Kostiantyn; Картузов КостянтинThe article introduces into scholarly circulation a corpus of records from the Chancellery of the Mykolaiv Military Governor that reflects imperial administrative-police practice in the aftermath of the 1863 January Uprising. Drawing on circulars of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), correspondence with governor-generals, police reports, and person-based case files, it reconstructs the mechanics of surveillance over ‘politically unreliable’ individuals and over natives of the ‘Western provinces’ and the Kingdom of Poland. The materials reveal the enduring institutional memory of the imperial administration regarding the ‘Polish question’. They also show how the partial liberalization of the 1870s (the lifting of selected restrictions, permissions to return or change place of residence) coexisted with selective bans, administrative exile, and tightly scripted movement under police and gendarmerie supervision. The full cycle of control is traced – from initial circulars and permissions to registration at a new residence and subsequent police reporting. The documents clarify the role of the Mykolaiv Military Governor in these processes and demonstrate the continued salience of the ‘Polish question’ in the second half of the nineteenth century.Документ Property of the Cossack-Senior Family of Solonyn in the Second Half of the 17th –18th Centuries(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Klymenko Oleh; Клименко ОлегThe relevance of the article is due to the insufficient research of the rank and family estates of the Cossack-senior family of Solonyn in particular, and in general the estates of a significant military society, government and non-government elders of the Cossack state of the Hetmanate. The purpose of the article was to characterize the estates of the Cossack-senior family of Solonyn in the second half of the 17th - 18th centuries. in the context of family relationships and official duties.The research methods are based on the principles of historicism and objectivity; they are represented by general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematization, as well as special historical methods – historical-comparative and historical- genetic.Scientific novelty. The article presents systematized data on the estates of the Cossack- senior family of Solonyn in the second half of the 17th - the end of the 18th centuries. in the context of changes in its personnel composition, military service and socio-political activity.Conclusions. It is substantiated that the Solonyn family in the second half of the 17th-18th centuries belonged to a significant military society, government and non-government foremen of the Hetmanate. Its representatives were in military and civil service, were engaged in political and public activities. All this allowed them to maintain and increase their own economic power. It was found that during their tenure in government positions in the Kyiv Regiment they owned rank estates, in addition, they also had significant family estates, the foundation of which was laid by the Kyiv colonel Konstantin Dmytrovych Solonyna. A detailed examination and description of the Solonyn family’s estates in the context of changes in its personal composition and their career achievements during the second half of the 17th-18th centuries was carried out.Документ Strategic, Security, Energy and Ideological Motivations of American Policy on Syria and Ukraine(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Kudinov Dmytro Valeriiovych; Кудінов Дмитро ВалерійовичThe article presents a comparison of American policies towards Syria and Ukraine, which allows us to see how strategic, security, energy and ideological motives determine Washington’s priorities in crisis situations. Both cases reflect the dynamics of great power rivalry, the transformation of security environments and the need for the United States to balance the protection of its own national interests and the promotion of the values of democracy and international law.The aim of the article is to study and highlight the complex of strategic, security, energy and ideological motives of American policies towards Syria and Ukraine, which determine the foreign policy course of the United States in both regions. The source base of this scientific article is printed materials. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity, which are implemented through the use of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization. The research was carried out in the unity of logical and historical approaches, taking into account specific historical conditions, as well as through a consistent transition from the concrete to the abstract and vice versa, which allows for a comprehensive study of the phenomena under study.Scientific novelty of the publication. The novelty of the article lies in a comprehensive comparative analysis of American policy towards Syria and Ukraine, which allows for the first time to summarize the strategic, security, energy and ideological motives of the United States in two different regions in a single study. The study demonstrates how the United States adapts its foreign policy instruments to specific conditions, combining diplomatic, military and economic means of influence. In addition, the work highlights the relationship between energy security and support for democracy. The novelty also lies in the inclusion of the latest events of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the development of the situation in Syria in the context of modern global trends in international relations. Conclusions. American policy towards Syria and Ukraine reflects the desire of the United States to remain a key player in the international arena, to ensure global and regional stability, and to promote its own interests, adapting methods of influence to the specifics of each region. In Syria, the emphasis is on the fight against terrorism and control over energy resources, while in Ukraine– on the protection of democracy, integration into European structures and energy security. These approaches indicate a high level of strategic planning and the ability of American diplomacy and security structures to respond to various challenges of the modern world, taking into account both regional and global aspects of international relations.Документ Similarities and Differences Between US Strategic Approaches to Syria and Ukraine(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Motsak Svitlana Ivanivna; Моцак Світлана Іванівна; Cherkes Ihor Volodymyrovych; Черкес Ігор ВолодимировичThe aim of the article. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the strategic approaches of the United States and the European Union towards conflict resolution in Syria and Ukraine. The principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity, using general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparative have become the methodological foundation of the research. Scientific novelty of the publication. The research focuses on the main parameters that define the nature of foreign policy: the level of involvement, the legal status of partnerships, military and economic assistance, the energy and geopolitical dimensions, as well as the conditionality of support. Special attention is paid to the ways in which global actors adapt their strategies depending on the international recognition of the state, the scope of security threats, and the strategic significance of the region for their national interests. The findings demonstrate that the United States approach towards Ukraine is systemic and long-term, combining military, economic, energy, and political support aimed at integration into the Euro-Atlantic community and strengthening institutional resilience. In the case of Syria, the United States strategy is tactical and situational, focusing on counterterrorism, containing Russian and Iranian influence, and providing limited humanitarian assistance. Similarly, the European Union follows a differentiated strategy: Ukraine receives comprehensive political, economic, and institutional support, including macro- financial aid, energy diversification programs, and conditional reforms, while Syria remains the target of humanitarian assistance, diplomatic mediation, and limited stabilization initiatives without direct military engagement. It was concluded that the European Union’s approach to Ukraine and Syria differs significantly depending on the legal status, strategic importance and security priorities of each country. Conclusions. The overall conclusion is that both the United States and the EU pursue context-driven, differentiated approaches: long-term and systemic in strategically important regions, and limited, situational involvement where the stakes are lower. The practical significance of the study lies in its contribution to forecasting future scenarios of international support for crisis regions, as well as in assessing the adaptability of United States and EU foreign policies under conditions of increasing global instability.Документ Analysis of the Activities of the Vice-Rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute Under the Rectorships of Mykola Velikolug and Leonid Gnatyuk(Гельветика, 2025) Valiukh Oleksandr; Валюх ОлександрThe purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv Pedagogical Institute during the rectorships of Mykola Velykuluh (1980-1985) and Leonid Hnatyuk (1985-1990) and to create a prosopographic portrait of the leadership of the higher education institution. The basis of the source base of the article was the personal files of the vice-rectors, which are stored in the Departmental Archive of the Oleksandr Dovzhenko Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University. To implement the purpose of the study, we used biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of system analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the results of the created collective portrait of the rectors and vice-rectors of the Hlukhiv State Pedagogical Institute named after S. M. Sergeev-Tsensky Mykola Velykuluh and Leonid Hnatyuk, who worked alternately during the 1980s, have been introduced into scientific circulation. In the course of our research, we determined that thereis a continuity in their activities. This indicates the acquisition of experience and professional competence. That is, during the tenure of the rector L. Hnatyuk, the vice-rectorate was more stable. For the above reasons, the average age of vice-rectors at this time was also higher: 43.8years versus 40.2 years. Also, the indicator of highly qualified personnel in general in the period 1985-1990 was higher, as 80% versus 25%. In addition, the gender ratio was in favor of women during the rectorship of L.Hnatyuk. Conclusions. Thus, the comparative analysis conducted by us in this study and the created prosopographical and professional portrait of the vice-rectors of the Glukhiv State Pedagogical Institute helped us to better identify the features of the development of the higher education institution during the tenures of M.Velykoluh and L.Hnatyuk in the adjacent historical periods of the 1980s.Документ «Polish Road to Freedom”: the Fate of Revolutionary Viktor Boleslawovych Arendt (1843-1927)(2025) Cherkasov Oleksandr Oleksandrovych; Черкасов Олександр Олександрович; Bilichenko Lidiia; Біліченко ЛідіяThe article is devoted to the study of the life path of the Polish revolutionary Viktor Bolesławowicz Arendt (1943-1927). The aim of the work is a comprehensive study of the life path of the Polish-Ukrainian revolutionary Viktor Boleslavovich Arendt. To solve this problem, classical methods of historical science were applied – the principles of historicism, dialectics, systematics, which make it possible to study phenomena in the process of formation, formation and development, in an organic connection with the conditions that gave rise to them, the spirit of the time. The study is conducted taking into account the unity of internal and external, subjective and objective factors of the historical process. Conclusions are drawn based on the analysis of the entire complex of sources used, taking into account existing scientific and research traditions. Scientific novelty. The study is the first attempt at a comprehensive analysis of archival sources that reflect the revolutionary, scientific-historical, and legal activities of Victor Arendt. Conclusions. The research revealed that Victor Arendt was born on January12, 1843 in Kyiv and came from a Polish family. After graduating from the Vilnius Classical Gymnasium in 1859, he volunteered for Italy in the army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, to defend the oppressed people from the Papal authority and Austrian occupation. Upon returning home in 1860, he entered the Krakow-Jagiellonian Academy, at the Faculty of History and Philology, which he graduated in 1863. On January22, 1863, the Polish Revolutionary Foundation in Warsaw declared a general Polish uprising against the imperial government. Victor Arendt, as an ethnic Pole, immediately appeared at the Foundation and was accepted as an assistant secretary. It has been established that after the suppression of the Polish uprising by Russian troops, in March 1864, Victor Arendt was convicted and arrived to serve his sentence in Vologda prison. After the amnesty of 1867, he went to Paris, where he took part in the uprising of the Paris Commune. After returning to the Russian Empire, Victor Arendt took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. In 1907, he entered the Moscow Archaeological Institute as a student, which he graduated with honors in 1909. Later, he was electedan honorary member of the institute and defended his thesis there on the topic: “Prehistoric monuments of the Western Royal Prussians” and received the title of “scientific archaeologist”. In 1909, Victor Arendt decided to become a lawyer and graduated from Moscow University. During 1914-1918, he participated in the First World War. In 1918, during the change of power in Ukraine, Symon Petliura appointed Viktor Arendt as an investigator for important cases in the UNR Directory. In 1918, when the vanguard of the Bolshevik army entered Kyiv, Symon Petliura’s troops retreated and left Kyiv. In their absence, Arendt, Cherkeza, and Ananyev released the Bolsheviks from prisons. Upon Petliura’s return to Kyiv, Viktor Arendt was arrested and thrown into prison. He was released after the establishment of Bolshevik power. In 1918-1919, Viktor Arendt was the inspector of forests of the Kyiv province and conducted inspections in the counties. However, falling ill, he was forced to leave for Crimea, where he was appointed forester of the Alupka Forest. In February 1921 Arendt left for Smolensk on assignment to the position of Smolensk provincial forest inspector, where in 1922 he was appointed investigator for important cases, and in 1923 to the position of investigator of the Western District Military Transport Tribunal. In 1924, Victor Arendtretired from service due to health reasons and was enrolled in the section of scientific workers. Twenty of his scientific works were translated into foreign languages, and the Paris Academy of Sciences elected him as its member. In 1927, Victor Arendt’s health deteriorated significantly. In this regard, as a native of Kyiv, he was sent to the Odessa House of Revolutionary Veterans. 1927 was the last year of Victor Arendt’s life.Документ Turkic Tribes in the Caucasus During the Early Middle Ages(2025) Huseinova Irada Mekhdihulu kyzy; Гусейнова Ірада Мехдігулу кизи; Терігеле Чжан; Terihele ChzhanThe aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive examination of the ethno-political processes that occurred in the Caucasus during the early medieval period, with particular emphasis on the role of Turkic tribes–such as the Huns, Khazars, Savirs, Bulgars, and others–in transforming the historical and cultural landscape of the region. The article is aimed at identifying patterns of interaction between nomadic tribes, and settled peoples of Transcaucasia, their influence on political structures, religious systems and the ethnic picture of the Caucasus. It traces the dynamics of migrations, military campaigns and diplomatic missions of Turkic-speaking peoples in the context of the broader geopolitical struggle between Byzantium, the Caliphate and the steppe powers.The scientific novelty of the work lies in the multidimensional approach to the analysis of ethnic, and political changes in the Caucasus, realized through the synthesis of written sources (including Byzantine chronicles, Arabic treatises, Chinese chronicles) and archaeological data, as well as reliance on the latest research in the field of historical anthropology and ethnography. Forthe first time, the author introduces into scholarly circulation a set of data derived from Chinese chronicles of the Han and Tang dynasties, which makes it possible to broaden the understanding of the international relations of the Turkic tribes. The chronology of the Khazar-Arab clashes is also clarified, and the little-studied aspects of the cultural adaptation of the Turks in the conditions ofthe border region characterized by a high degree of ethno-confessional diversity are considered.In conclusion, it is emphasized that Turkic tribes, who acted in the Caucasus not only as conquerors but also as intermediaries between different cultures, had a significant impact on the development of political institutions, the transformation of the ethno-religious landscape and the formation of a unique Caucasian model of coexistence. Their participation in the historical processes of the 6th-8thcenturies was a factor of profound changes reflected in the stable political and cultural ties between the Eurasian Steppe and the South Caucasus. The findings broaden the horizons of research on the early medieval history of Eurasia and emphasize the importance of the Caucasus as a strategic crossroads of civilizations.