«Великий терор» проти православного духовенства Сумщини: катування та виконавці
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Дата
2019
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Анотація
Стаття присвячена одному із важливих питань «великого терору» – переслідуванню православного духовенства. Проаналізовано умови в яких відбувалося кримінальне переслідування на Сумщині. Встановлено, що в період «великого терору» з метою фальсифікації кримінальних справ та отримання необхідних для органів НКВС даних проти підозрюваних та інших осіб, широко використовувалися позазаконні методи ведення слідства. Серед них переважали побиття ув’язнених, повсякденним явищем стали катування. Поряд із цим використовувалися методи спрямовані на психологічне подавлення особистості, що також можна розцінювати як тортури. Охарактеризовано методи катувань, які використовували слідчі на Сумщині. З’ясовано, що катування, у тому числі психологічний тиск та побиття використовували фактично всі слідчі. Окремі із них відзначалися надзвичайною жорстокістю. Владою, як керівництвом НКВС різного рівня заохочувалися такі методи ведення слідства. Заохочення полягали як в усній похвалі, так і в представленні до державних нагород за високі показники у розкритті злочинів. Масовий терор стосувався не лише діючих священнослужителів, а й тих, хто офіційно змінив сферу діяльності.
Отримані таким чином покази, часто були єдиним доказом вини обвинуваченого духовенства. Трійки на основі таких даних виносили вироки про розстріли, а слідчі відкривали нові кримінальні справи. Основою для їх відкриття служили також покази отримані із застосуванням катувань. Особливо необхідними вони стали при розкритті так званих «контрреволюційних релігійних організацій», до числа яких інколи включали духовенство кількох районів.
The article is devoted to one of the important issues of «The Great Terror» – persecution of the Orthodox clergy. The conditions, under which the persecution was conducted in Sumy region, were analyzed. It has been estimated, that illegal methods of investigation were widely used in the period of "The Great Terror" for the purpose of falsification of the criminal cases and acquisition of data against suspects and other persons, which was necessary for the bodies of the NCDA. The beating of prisoners prevailed among illegal methods; everyday tortures were a daily occurrence. Alongside with the latter, the methods of a psychological pressure of the individual were used, which can also be regarded as tortures. The methods of tortures, used by investigators in Sumy region, are described. It was determined, that nearly every investigator used tortures, including psychological pressure and beatings. Some of them were marked by extreme cruelty. Such methods of investigation were approved by the authorities, as leaders of the NCDA of different levels. The encouragement of such methods was both in oral commendation and in the form of receiving the state awards for high rates of solving crimes. The mass terror was applied not only to the acting clerics, but to those, who officially changed the activity sphere as well. Accordingly, such obtained data was often the only evidence of the guilt of accused clergy. The organization under the name of «troika» was carrying out the sentences of shooting down; the investigators were initiating new criminal cases. The basis for the initiation of the criminal cases was also the interrogation under tortures. They were particularly required, when the so-called “counterrevolutionary religious organizations» were opened, which the clergy of several regions sometimes belonged to.
The article is devoted to one of the important issues of «The Great Terror» – persecution of the Orthodox clergy. The conditions, under which the persecution was conducted in Sumy region, were analyzed. It has been estimated, that illegal methods of investigation were widely used in the period of "The Great Terror" for the purpose of falsification of the criminal cases and acquisition of data against suspects and other persons, which was necessary for the bodies of the NCDA. The beating of prisoners prevailed among illegal methods; everyday tortures were a daily occurrence. Alongside with the latter, the methods of a psychological pressure of the individual were used, which can also be regarded as tortures. The methods of tortures, used by investigators in Sumy region, are described. It was determined, that nearly every investigator used tortures, including psychological pressure and beatings. Some of them were marked by extreme cruelty. Such methods of investigation were approved by the authorities, as leaders of the NCDA of different levels. The encouragement of such methods was both in oral commendation and in the form of receiving the state awards for high rates of solving crimes. The mass terror was applied not only to the acting clerics, but to those, who officially changed the activity sphere as well. Accordingly, such obtained data was often the only evidence of the guilt of accused clergy. The organization under the name of «troika» was carrying out the sentences of shooting down; the investigators were initiating new criminal cases. The basis for the initiation of the criminal cases was also the interrogation under tortures. They were particularly required, when the so-called “counterrevolutionary religious organizations» were opened, which the clergy of several regions sometimes belonged to.
Опис
Ключові слова
православна церква, НКВС, органи державної безпеки, слідство, фальсифікації, катування, Orthodox Church, NCDA, state security bodies, investigation, falsification
Бібліографічний опис
Оліцький, В. О. «Великий терор» проти православного духовенства Сумщини: катування та виконавці [Текст] / В. О. Оліцький // Історична пам’ять. – 2019. – № 1 (40). – С. 45–54.