Діагностика несприятливих психічних станів та їх корекцій у спортсменів із порушеннями психофізичного розвитку
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Дата
2014
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Анотація
Наведено дані щодо дослідження психічних станів спортсменів високої кваліфікації, з’ясовано наявність взаємозв’язку між психічним станом і результатом змагальної діяльності плавців у паралімпійському спорті. Встановлено, що причини виникнення несприятливого передстартового психічного стану пов’язані із суб’єктивними й об’єктивними факторами: незадовільним станом здоров’я спортсмена, недостатнім рівнем його підготовленості, неадекватно високим рівнем відповідальності за результат виступу, досвідом минулих невдалих виступів, силою суперників, відсутністю особистісної впевненості в успіху, а також індивідуально-психологічними особливостями особистості, зокрема, надмірною збудливістю та тривожністю як особистісною якістю та психічним станом. Схарактеризовано засоби корекції несприятливих психічних станів, запропоновано алгоритм формування здатності спортсменів із порушеннями психофізичного розвитку до самоконтролю та саморегуляції психічного стану.
It is known that adverse conditions cause a violation of the optimal course of mental processes, forming a negative personality traits athletes adversely affect their performance, destroy sportswear, weakened mental and physical health. The scientists define mental state as relevant to the present time, the real human condition in accordance with the totality of mental organization. In sports psychology, mental state is understood as a situation in which an athlete is found as a result of the conditions and management of sports activities. It is characterized by a certain attitude of the individual to a particular situation, the level of activation and peculiarities of mental processes. So, every mental state is holistic polistructural and multifunctional form that defines the procedural characteristics of a mental activity athlete and indirectly influence its outcome. The author allocates early prelaunch conditions that can occur within a few days or even weeks before the charge starts and prelaunch conditions arising directly before the competition. In the purposeful preparation for the start of a responsible start long before the competition mentally unbalanced athletes due to increased excitability, enhanced early emotional background. It causes the development of the pregeneralized state of nature, which affects the performance of the athletes, the efficiency of their motor activity, leading to errors. Long stay in this state causes overstimulation when the athletes are not able to control their emotions and actions, especially to manage them. The pre-start condition of the athletes is qualified as overstimulation. The state of overstimulation causes the loss of confidence, the development of anxiety, limiting the ability to concentrate, the appearance of an imbalance in the regulation of motor and autonomic functions, which result in a significant decrease in the efficiency of an athlete’s competitive activity. The most common classes of the athletes is associated with excessive mental stress, belongs to «the pre-fever». Its causes are polifunctional, and the most typical are inadequate tasks that do not meet the level of preparedness of the athlete; reassess of its own forces and capabilities; a kind of «contamination» nervousness of an athlete (or team) and others. Thus, excessive mental stress is a poor mental condition, which affects the efficiency of competitive activity athletes. It is established that the cause of the preunfavorable mental state is associated with subjective and objective factors: the poor state of health of an athlete, an insufficient level of his training, adequately high level of responsibility for the outcome of the performance and experience of previous unsuccessful performances, power rivals lack of confidence in the success of the personal and individual psychological characteristics of the individual, in particular, excessive irritability and anxiety as a personal quality and mental state. The author has confirmed that psychological manifestations prestart state of the athletes are: the overall thrust of consciousness that manifests itself in the content of thought, object focus, especially the perception and representation; emotional and volitional orientation, characterized by the level of emotional excitement, determination, self-confidence; moral and volitional commitment to competition, resulting in the realization of an athlete’s responsibility, his dedication, the pursuit of victory and faith in positive activities. The empirical studies of the dynamics of states prelaunch of the swimmers with psychophysical disabilities qualifications have demonstrated a high likelihood of adverse mental states athletes which are caused by negative personality traits and situational extreme operating conditions. This is actualized realization of evidence-based selection of correction of adverse mental states and develop an algorithm of forming ability of athletes from psychophysical development of self-control and self-regulation of mental state in prelaunch phase.
It is known that adverse conditions cause a violation of the optimal course of mental processes, forming a negative personality traits athletes adversely affect their performance, destroy sportswear, weakened mental and physical health. The scientists define mental state as relevant to the present time, the real human condition in accordance with the totality of mental organization. In sports psychology, mental state is understood as a situation in which an athlete is found as a result of the conditions and management of sports activities. It is characterized by a certain attitude of the individual to a particular situation, the level of activation and peculiarities of mental processes. So, every mental state is holistic polistructural and multifunctional form that defines the procedural characteristics of a mental activity athlete and indirectly influence its outcome. The author allocates early prelaunch conditions that can occur within a few days or even weeks before the charge starts and prelaunch conditions arising directly before the competition. In the purposeful preparation for the start of a responsible start long before the competition mentally unbalanced athletes due to increased excitability, enhanced early emotional background. It causes the development of the pregeneralized state of nature, which affects the performance of the athletes, the efficiency of their motor activity, leading to errors. Long stay in this state causes overstimulation when the athletes are not able to control their emotions and actions, especially to manage them. The pre-start condition of the athletes is qualified as overstimulation. The state of overstimulation causes the loss of confidence, the development of anxiety, limiting the ability to concentrate, the appearance of an imbalance in the regulation of motor and autonomic functions, which result in a significant decrease in the efficiency of an athlete’s competitive activity. The most common classes of the athletes is associated with excessive mental stress, belongs to «the pre-fever». Its causes are polifunctional, and the most typical are inadequate tasks that do not meet the level of preparedness of the athlete; reassess of its own forces and capabilities; a kind of «contamination» nervousness of an athlete (or team) and others. Thus, excessive mental stress is a poor mental condition, which affects the efficiency of competitive activity athletes. It is established that the cause of the preunfavorable mental state is associated with subjective and objective factors: the poor state of health of an athlete, an insufficient level of his training, adequately high level of responsibility for the outcome of the performance and experience of previous unsuccessful performances, power rivals lack of confidence in the success of the personal and individual psychological characteristics of the individual, in particular, excessive irritability and anxiety as a personal quality and mental state. The author has confirmed that psychological manifestations prestart state of the athletes are: the overall thrust of consciousness that manifests itself in the content of thought, object focus, especially the perception and representation; emotional and volitional orientation, characterized by the level of emotional excitement, determination, self-confidence; moral and volitional commitment to competition, resulting in the realization of an athlete’s responsibility, his dedication, the pursuit of victory and faith in positive activities. The empirical studies of the dynamics of states prelaunch of the swimmers with psychophysical disabilities qualifications have demonstrated a high likelihood of adverse mental states athletes which are caused by negative personality traits and situational extreme operating conditions. This is actualized realization of evidence-based selection of correction of adverse mental states and develop an algorithm of forming ability of athletes from psychophysical development of self-control and self-regulation of mental state in prelaunch phase.
Опис
Ключові слова
несприятливі умови, психічний стан, передстартові умови, передстартовий стан перезбудження, самоконтроль, саморегуляція, етап передстартової підготовки, adverse conditions, mental state, prelaunch conditions, pre-start condition, overstimulation, self-control, self-regulation, prelaunch phase
Бібліографічний опис
Бойко, Г. М. Діагностика несприятливих психічних станів та їх корекціїя у спортсменів із порушеннями психофізичного розвитку [Текст] / Г. М. Бойко, Н. Л. Бабіч // Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології : науковий журнал / Міністерство освіти і науки України, Сумський державний університет імені А. С. Макаренка ; редкол.: А. А. Сбруєва, О. Є. Антонова, Дж. Бішоп та ін. – Суми : СумДПУ імені А. С. Макаренка, 2014. – № 2 (36). – С. 3–14 .