Перегляд за Автор "Tryhub Oleksandr"

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  • Документ
    Jehovah’s Witnesses under the Control of Soviet Security Services (1945-1951)
    (2023) Tryhub Oleksandr; Тригуб Олександр
    In September 1945, the NKGB (The People’s Commissariat for State Security) of the Ukrainian SSR opened an agent-operational case is called ‘Zavet’ (‘Testament’) against supporters of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The factual basis for the “creating” a centralized case was the agential and investigative materials at the disposal of the NKGB, which, according to the state security personnel, “testified” that on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR “illegal formations of sectarian Jehovah’s Witnesses existed and carried out active anti-Soviet activities.” The presence of a singleleading center of the ‘Jehovist underground in Ukraine’ was also assumed. The leaders of religious groups were immediately taken into operational development in Alchevsk, Yasynovata and Avdiivka in the Donbas, Lviv, Kyiv region, etc. According to operational data, the ‘Jehovists’ were extremely hostile to the Soviet government, called it “satanic” and agitated for its non-recognition. Many ordinary believers did not officially work anywhere, did not recognize any documents, avoided any kind of registration, and so on. Since such a line of behavior was considered “anti-Soviet” by the official authorities, thedenomination itself entered the camp of “hostile” and requiring immediate prompt response. The latter was expressed in unofficial repressions and the introduction of internal agents into the environment of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The first arrests were carried out during December 1945 – January 1946, which continued until the early 1950s. The impossibility of resolving the issue of Jehovah’s Witnesses by agential and operational measures led the NKGB to think about more radical measures. In March 1951, a plan was prepared for the deportation of Jehovah’s Witnesses supporters. More than 8,000 believers were supposed to be evicted, information about whom had been collected by state security agencies for a number of years. As final points of deportation, first of all, the Irkutsk and Tomsk regions were planned. Therefore, the operation received the code name ‘Sever’ (‘North’). The eviction was carried out on the territory of the Lviv, Volyn, Rivne, Drohobych, Stanislav, Ternopil and Chernivtsi regions of the Ukrainian SSR. A total of 1,788 families were evicted, with a total of 6,310 people (data not complete). The completion of operation ‘Sever’ actually completed the work on the centralized agentoperational case ‘Zavet’. At the same time, repression against Jehovah’s Witnesses continued in the future.
  • Документ
    Primary Parish Education in Kherson Gubernia After the K. Pobedonostsev’s Reform (1884-1900)
    (2025) Tryhub Oleksandr; Тригуб Олександр
    The purpose of the paper is to determine the place and role of parish education, which was formed as a result of K. Pobedonostsev’s reforms, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses (the level of youth education, teacher training issues, material condition of schools, etc.), using a regional approach – the territory of the Kherson gubernia/eparchy. Conclusions. The reforms of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, had a significant impact on the development of parish education both throughout the Russian Empire and specifically in Ukrainian gubernias. The essence of his reforms was directed towards strengthening the Church’s role in teaching and upbringing, which, as evidenced by existing materials, had both positive and negative consequences. As a result, there was a rapid expansion of the network of parish schools, with complete subordination to the Holy Synod. By the end of 1884, there were 96 parish schools and literacy schools in the Kherson gubernia/eparchy, and by 1900, their number reached 657, with over 32,000 students. The main components of the educational process were the Law of God, reading church texts, writing, and arithmetic, with a focus on religious education. At the same time, as indicated by reports from the Kherson eparchy, agricultural, craft, and handicraft subjects began to be taught in the parish schools. On the other hand, parish education had to compete with zemstvo schools, which led to the scattering of financial resources, as the Kherson eparchy was one of those where the zemstvos financially supported this type of elementary school. However, the state funded parish schools more actively than the zemstvo schools. Unfortunately, despite the increase in the number of schools, the quality of education remained low due to the narrow curriculum. Illiteracy remained widespread, with more than 80% of peasants illiterate by 1897, as many children either did not attend school or left early. Furthermore, many peasant families preferred children’s labor at home or in the fields to providing education. Thus, Pobedonostsev’s reforms made parish schools the main tool for elementary education for peasants. They helped spread basic literacy, but at the same time limited secular education and contributed to the preservation of a traditional, religiously conservative approach to education.