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A Brief Sketch of the History of Sumy Theological School (1888-1919)
(2023) Kudinov Dmytro; Taraban Yurii; Кудінов Дмитро; Тарабан Юрій
The relevance of this study is due, first of all, to the absence of works devoted to the history of the Sumy Theological School in the national historiography. It is indicated that the main obstacle to carrying out research on the topic is the lack of archival documents. The main group of sources of the article, on which the authors relied, are the publications of the journals of the meetings of the clergy of the Sumy school district, reports, lists of pupils, messages and appeals related to the life of the school, published in the periodicals of the eparchy – «Letter for the Kharkiv Eparchy», «Vedomosti and notes on the Kharkiv Eparchy». These materials made it possible to recreate a more or less complete picture of school life and realize the goal of the work – to reveal the most significant aspects of the functioning of the theological school in the city of Sumy at the end of the 19th – early 20th century. The main text of the publication contains the following parts: a description of the circumstances of the foundation of the Sumy Theological School; description of the educational institution’s finances (estimate, sources of replenishment); management of the school (congress of clergy of the Sumy school district, school board, school supervisor, custodian); teaching staff of the school; organization of educational work (educational disciplines, academic performance, Christian upbringing, cultural and educational events with the participation of students); closure of the educational institution. The authors emphasized the important role in the emergence of the educational institution of the Sumy deacon Fr. Vasyl Nikolskyi, Archbishop of Kharkiv and Okhtyrka Amvrosii (Klyucharyov), Sumy businessmen I.G. Kharitonenko and D.I. Sukhanov. Among the staff of the school, more attention was paid to its supervisor A.F. Gruzov and teacher F.F. Gorain according to the availability of sources. The conclusions indicate the prospects for further research on the chosen topic. First of all, it is an interesting reproduction of the psychological atmosphere of the school, the nuances of the teachers’ pedagogical creativity, the relationships within the student groups, as well as between students and teachers. The authors consider their research in the field of microhistory as a component of a complex of research on the history of secondary education institutions in Sumy.
Activities of Boris Hmyrya During the Second World War
(2024) Berezhna Svitlana Viktorivna; Бережна Світлана Вікторівна; Diakova Olena; Дьякова Олена
The work’s aim is to highlight Boris Romanovych Hmyria’s life during the Second World War.The methodological basis of the work are the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The article is based on philosophical and special scientific methods of the socio-humanitarian sphere of scientific knowledge.The scientific novelty consists in the study of the activities of B.Hmyria during the Second World War. The singer’s biography of 1939-1945 is recreated, and important events that happened in his life at that time and in the post-war period are determined.Conclusions. The life of Boris Romanovych Hmyria during the Second World War can be divided into three stages: before the Nazi occupation (1.09.1939–22.10.1941), during the Nazi occupation (24.10.1941–25.03.1944) and after the Nazi occupation (25.03.1944–2.09.1945). All three stages and post-war life unite performances on stage, improvement of creative potential, and love of the public. But there are peculiarities. At the beginning of the war, B.Hmyria’s career was beginning and was successful, as evidenced by the award of Honored Artist of the Ukrainian SSR in 1941. The second stage is marked by the fact that the singer was a civilian prisoner (as told to him by the head of the Poltava Opera Z.Wolfer) and was forced to perform where he was ordered. This period negatively affected the future life of the man. After the liberation of Ukraine from the German occupiers, the attitude of some of the colleagues towards Boris Romanovych was negative. Despite the support of the Soviet government and the boundless love of the public, persecution in the theatre led to the premature death of the artist.It should be noted that the biography of B.Hmyria was typical for actors who survived the Nazi occupation, and differed only in that he did not survive the arrest and prison term, like many others. He had the opportunity to emigrate to the West, but his boundless love for Ukraine forced him to stay in his native land.
Approaches to Understanding the Causes of Military Conflicts During the Middle Bronze Age of the Dnipro-Don Measure
(2023) Dubiaha Andrii; Дубяга Андрій
The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the possible causes of the military conflicts through the prism of the proposed approaches of V. Shnirelman. Research methodology. The research is based on the methodological principle of determinism, which assumes the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, and universalism, which is conditioned by the consideration of human reactions in ancient times based on the behavior and reactions of modern humans. The research is based on the historicalcomparative and historical-systemic method, which allow to fully realize the set goal. Scientific novelty. In the article, the question of considering the causes of military conflicts between pastoralists of the Middle Bronze Age between the Dnieper and Don rivers is updated. Solving the problems of the causes of military conflicts lies at the basis of the study of not only the military affairs of the Donetsk-Don catacomb culture, but also such issues as the technical level of the development of crafts, social stratification and economic formation. The main achievements of scientists regarding the development of the issues of the military affairs of the catacomb cultural circle are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the main achievements of the leading researchers of the issue. An analysis of the causes of military conflicts was carried out through the approaches accumulated by V. Shnirelman. Conclusions. Analysis of the causes of the war, based on the approaches proposed by V.O. Shnirelman, testifies to the complexity of the problem. None of the proposed approaches fully reveals the causes of military conflicts. The most consistent and thorough is the neo-evolutionist approach, which proposes to consider the causes of military conflicts from the point of view of three components: organizational-structural, causal-purpose, military-technical. Taking these components into account, we can conclude that the leading cause of military conflicts is the form of economic activity, namely nomadic herding, which requires the protection or capture of new lands for livestock.
Archaeological Research on the Territory of the Bilsk Microregion During the Period of Martial Low
(2023) Корост Ігор; Korost Ihor
The article presents brief summaries of protective and rescue archaeological research conducted on cultural heritage sites in 2022 by specialists of the Communal Institution «Historical and Cultural Reserve «Bilsk» of the Poltava Regional Council. The works were carried out on the territory of the modern left bank of the Vorskla River (Kotelva territorial community, Poltava district, Poltava region). The materials highlight the results of archaeological studies of 2 multilayered settlements – Kotelva II and Staryi Karier. The article presents information about the research history of the sites selected for study in 2022. The reasons that prompted large-scale archaeological research of cultural heritage sites during the Russian-Ukrainian war era are outlined. According to the results of the field work, a preliminary description of the discovered objects and antiquities is given. On the settlement Kotelva II, during the activities of the expedition of the «Bilsk» reserve in 2022, 350 m2 were discovered. 39 objects of the Scythian period were found. The vast majority of them are household pits. In 2022, 2 excavations with a total area of 295 m2 were laid at the settlement Staryi Karier. In the first excavation, 16 household objects, a cellar of the Scythian time, were founded and investigated. A Bronze Age dwelling was also discovered. In the second excavation, 12 objects were founded. Among them are 2 dwelling and a household pits of the Final Bronze Age and Scythian time. Important attention is paid to clarifying (determining) the cultural and chronological positions of the studied settlement monuments. It has been established that the Bronze Age layering from the Kotelva II settlement can be attributed to the XIII–XII centuries B.C. During the Scythian era, the village functioned in the 6th – at the beginning of the 5th centuries B.C. Large-scale excavations made it possible to find out that the antiquities of the Scythian period from the territory of the Staryi Karier settlement can be dated to the end of the 6th – the first half of the 5th centuries B.C. Materials of the Bronze Age belong to the bearers of the Bondarikha, Ivanivka and Lebedivka cultures.
Concepts of Regional Association of Central and Eastern European Countries
(2023) Михтуненко Вікторія Вікторівна; Mykhtunenko Viktoriia Viktorivna
At the current stage, there is no doubt about the role of the “Three Seas” initiative in the regional schedule. However, it is worth noting that one of the impetuses for its actualization was the world confrontation that arose after Russia’s encroachments on the territory of Ukraine (the annexation of Crimea and the instigation of the war in the East of Ukraine). Today, this idea of unification of states in the space from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic seas, as it was at its inception, is actively supported by the USA. Over the past eight years, the attitude towards this program on the part of Germany and the European Union has also changed in a positive direction. In fact, from Poland’s attempt to realize its historical Central European ambitions, the Three Seas initiative was transformed into a prototype of the new Eastern Europe as an integral part of the transatlantic community. The interest of modern Polish politicians in the concept of “Mizhmorya” is a continuation of the tradition and political thought of Józef Piłsudski. First of all, the concept of “Mizhmorya” is closely related to his view of Poland’s foreign policy in the interwar period. However, its origins go back to the beginning of the 20th century, when there were discussions about Poland’s borders and its role in Europe after it gained independence. The main question concerned Poland’s ability to effectively resist the expansion of neighboring states – Germany and Russia. The actualization of the “Mizhmorya” concept at the current stage and the transformation of the latter into the “Three Seas” initiative began after the Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2014. In its current version, the concept includes the southern and eastern vectors of integration. This is a qualitative change, since for many centuries Poland’s foreign policy was formed on the East-West axis, paying much less attention to the North-South axis. It is worth noting that the concept of “Mizhmorya”, which in its current version has turned into “Three Seas”, is not considered as an alternative for membership in the EU and NATO. At the current stage, it does not have an independent character, complementing the generally pro-Western orientation of Poland and its other participants. In connection with the involvement of 12 countries in the “Three Seas Initiative” and the active role of Croatia, Romania and other states in it, it is losing connection with the original concept of the “Midsea”. It is becoming a format of regional cooperation within the EU, but it has quite strong foundations. Its success also depends on external factors: West-Russia relations, US activity in Central and Eastern Europe, and the difficult-to-predict future of the European Union. One can debate for a long time about the functionality and competitiveness of the new association in relation to other numerous regional entities, but one thing remains important: the implementation of the “Three Seas” initiative will start the process of building the energy independence of the countries of the Eastern European region from Russia. At the summit on June 20, 2022, the countries of the “Three Seas” initiative granted Ukraine the special status of a participating partner of the association. It is worth noting that Ukraine’s membership in “Trimory” is part of our country’s path to membership in the European Union. The concept envisages the development of world trade through the creation of new European logistics corridors, therefore it is important for Ukraine to become one of the transitors along these routes. Several areas of Ukraine’s cooperation with the participating countries of the “Three Seas” should be highlighted: the creation of the trans-European highway Via Carpathia, where Ukraine will play the role of an important logistics center; energy cooperation, Ukraine has one of the largest gas storages in the region and, using the capabilities of the Poland-Slovakia, PolandUkraine interconnectors, it is possible to meet the needs of all countries of the Three Seas; the export of Ukrainian electricity can help the countries of the “Three Seas” to become independent from the energy pressure of the Russian Federation; infrastructure and digitalization (countries should work on expanding checkpoints at the borders of Ukraine). Our state can support many infrastructure projects in the field of digitization and strengthen regional digital connections. So, the “Three Seas” initiative is Ukraine’s perspective to take a place on the European market and completely abandon logistical ties with the occupying country.
Conducting Peacekeeping Operations: Challenges of Modern Peacekeeping
(2023) Koziupa Volodymyr; Козюпа Володимир
The article examines approval criteria, stages of implementation, and problems associated with conducting peacekeeping operations. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the United Nations criteria for approving peacekeeping operations, including the need for the consent of the parties involved and the availability of resources. The article also outlines various stages of implementation. In addition, the paper highlights the challenges and issues often encountered in peacekeeping operations, such as lack of funding, insufficient resources and political complexities.Peacekeeping operations are becoming increasingly important in resolving conflicts and promoting peace around the world. However, conducting these operations is a complex process that requires careful planning and management. To meet these challenges, policymakers and practitioners must adopt a proactive approach to peacekeeping operations, including providing adequate funding and resources, promoting effective communication and cooperation, and prioritizing the safety and security of personnel involved. The article also highlights some of the key challenges facing peacekeeping operations in the modern era, including the changing nature of conflicts, the politicization of peacekeeping and the challenges of ensuring the safety of peacekeepers on the ground. In addition, the problems of resource allocation and coordination between various participants in peacekeeping activities, such as the UN, regional organizations and member states, are explored, calling for more attention to these challenges and more effective cooperation between all participants in peacekeeping operations. It emphasizes the need for a more nuanced and adaptive approach to peacekeeping that takes into account the unique circumstances of each conflict and utilizes the experience of all parties involved. Overall, the article highlights the importance of continuing efforts to improve the effectiveness and impact of peacekeeping operations in the modern era.
Development of Multilateral Interstate Cooperation on Gender Issues in the Middle East (End of the 20 – Beginning of the 21 Century)
(2023) Tykhonenko Iryna; Kyrychenko Yelizaveta; Тихоненко Ірина; Кириченко Єлизавета
The article attempts to analyze the development of forms and manifestations of multilateral intergovernmental cooperation on gender issues in the Middle East at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The Middle East region, in religious and civilizational dimensions, is quite specific in terms of the comprehensive implementation of the ideas of feminism and overcoming gender gaps. However, as a result of the study, the effectiveness of the region’s involvement in both global initiatives on gender issues and the formation of its own mechanisms and tools for the protection of women was revealed, which is implemented in the following practical acts. Firstly, the involvement of the Middle East region as an object of activity of the United Nations Structure for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (“UN-Women”) aimed at protecting women in conflicts and granting equal rights to women alongside men. Secondly, the formation of a regulatory framework and programs on gender issues in the activities of the regional organization  the League of Arab States (LAD). It was found that the existing mechanism of intergovernmental cooperation in the LAD regarding the implementation of gender equality and the role of women in Arab society is not sufficiently effective, given the advisory nature of the organization’s decisions, and it is not sufficiently implemented in practice by all Middle Eastern states. It should be stressed on the positive and fruitful activity of the Arab Women Organization, which has a number of programs for the protection of Arab women and their rights. Thirdly, the dialogue between the Middle East and North Africa in the format of the MENA region is quite developed – the holding of African-Arab summits between the African Union and the League of Arab States, launched in 1977, which are aimed at jointly solving gender issues. The authors concluded that the Middle East region still has to overcome a number of barriers and domestic policy changes to protect women’s rights, but the initiation and development of dialogue on a multilateral basis is a positive step in achieving global trends in ensuring gender equality and feminism in general.
Ecological Modernization of the European Union Economy in Condition of Political and Financial Limits
(2023) Horobets Ihor Volodymyrovych; Горобець Ігор Володимирович; Martynov Andrey; Мартинов Андрій
Тhe history of mankind from a material point of view is a change in technological systems, which determined the forms of organization of economic life. History has recorded many phase crises associated with the transition from one technological mode to another. The key objectives of the EU environmental policy are: combating climate change, ensuring biodiversity, limiting the negative impact of production on human health and quality of life, rational use of natural resources, waste recycling. Environmental policy is a joint competence of the Member States and the EU bodies. The goals of the EU’s common agricultural policy are: increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring social protection of farmers, stabilizing agricultural markets, food security, maintaining reasonable consumer prices for agricultural goods, and providing export subsidies. EU countries’ strategies for the energy sector are different. France remains a supporter of nuclear energy. Germany is closing down nuclear power plants, necessitating an increase in energy production from thermal power plants and alternative energy sources. Achieving new environmental standards in industry raises questions of socio-political stability, as there is a risk of job losses in the old industrial sectors and the slow creation of new jobs. Such disparities can negatively affect the political support of "green" environmental political parties, especially in the countries of "old" Europe. The political positions of the "greens" in the countries of the "new" Europe are less influential. This fact complicates the formation of a joint environmental group of influence in the EU in order to exert political pressure to implement environmental modernization of the economy. That is, the success of the ecological modernization of the EU economy systematically depends on the internal capacity of elites and European societies to implement this course and on the favorable balance of power in a globalized world.
Engagement District as Part of the Early Rus Novgorod-Siversky Position
(2023) Kedun Ivan; Кедун Іван
The article is dedicated to the part of the Novgorod-Siversky post that was located beyond the Zubrytsky stream. The purpose of the work is to determine the above-mentioned territory as a part of the post of the Old Russian city, although to this day there is no consensus on whether the studied territory belongs to the post of the city of Novgorod-Siverskyi. The most popular is its interpretation as a country estate that belonged to a wealthy Novgorodian from the north. The methodological basis of the research is based on the verification of previous versions with the materials of the latest archaeological research. The scientific novelty of the study is that a number of materials are published for the first time and fundamentally change the view on the system of positions in the ancient Russian city of Novgorod-Siverskyi. Excavations and mining of the surrounding area in recent years showed the spread of the ancient Russian cultural layer on an area of about 10 hectares, and reached the same area in his work O. Polyakov. In fact, the territory of Zaruchavya is adjacent to the post from the West. We believe that it was part of it, formed in the 12th century. To date, there is no consensus on whether the studied territory belongs to the city of Novgorod-Siverskyi. The most popular is its interpretation as a country estate that belonged to a wealthy Novgorodian from the north. However, the results of recent studies allow us to look at the problem in a new way. Further excavations and dredging of the surrounding area showed the spread of the ancient Russian cultural layer on an area of about 10 hectares, and O.M. Polyakov reached the same area in his work. In fact, the territory of Zaruchavya is adjacent to the post from the West. We believe that it was part of it, formed in the 12th century. Also, the cemetery discovered on the territory of Zaruchavye deserves special attention. Conclusions. The betrothal area was a part of the open post of Novgorod-Siverskyi, which was actively exploited in the 11th-13th centuries. It is also likely that the city cemetery was located on its territory. The time of the cemetery’s origin requires further research, however, today it can be attributed to the period after the Mongol invasion, since materials dated no later than the 14th century were found in the backfill of the graves. However, further research can significantly adjust the chronology.
Establishment of Political and Legal Activity Young Peoplein Ukraine
(2023) Ivanii Olena Mykolaivna; Іваній Олена Миколаївна
The article analyzes the formation of political and legal activity of youth in Ukraine. The main forms of youth political activity are characterized. Considerable attention is paid to the characteristics of the mechanisms and tools of youth participation in the formation and implementation of youth policy. On the basis of the analysis of the legal framework of youth policy, conclusions were made regarding the main trends and specifics of youth participation in political processes, which is expressed through the activities of various public organizations and movements. The purpose of the publication is to study the process of formation of political and legal activity of youth in Ukraine and the role of the state in its formation and development. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the comprehensive analysis of political and legal activity of youth in Ukraine and its significance for political and socio-economic development. Conclusions. Youth is a dynamic component of modern Ukrainian society. Since young people have to implement the reforms initiated by the state, the state, determining the ways of formation and development of society, focuses primarily on young people, whose potential and knowledge can become a guarantee of progressive development. The political and legal activity of youth is aimed at the formation of a young person who positions himself as a responsible person who respects the rights of other people; is tolerant of political, moral, aesthetic, worldview orientations and preferences; shows a desire for such forms and directions of activity that would consolidate social efforts, make the life of every person meaningful, civilized and promising; is active in the political and legal sphere. Despite the difficult political, economic, and social situation in the country, the public structures of the youth movement are actively developing, preserving their historical traditions, roots, occupying an appropriate place in the political system of society and have now acquired a rather clear outline and certainty, which is due to the presence of support and the implementation of an active policy from the state and local authorities.
European Skepticism and Populism under the Conditions of Transformation of the European Integration Process
(2023) Horobets Ihor Volodymyrovych; Горобець Ігор Володимирович; Martynov Andrey; Мартинов Андрій
The article examines the influence of the ideology and political practice of right-wing populism on European skepticism. The objective reasons for the development of European skepticism and right-wing populism are due to contradictions between national and supranational authorities. The beginning of the 21st century was marked by an acute global economic crisis, which stimulated the activation of various populist movements that take advantage of the favorable conditions of the ambivalence of many traditional political ideologies, the blurring of the demarcation lines between the «center-right» and «center-left», and the decline of classic mass political parties. A polarized political culture is quickly turning into a breeding ground for populists. The driving force of left populism was the «old left»: socialists, anarchists, Trotskyists, who entered into an alliance with protectionist trade unions. The second ideological stream consists of those who protest against the rapid disappearance of the old world and the strengthening of global competition. Anti-American sentiments are popular among left and right populism in Europe. The process of European integration in its crisis points of development gives rise to various inversion tendencies, which are aimed at opposing the formation of a more cohesive European Union as an effective model of post-national democracy. The prospects of populist left and right parties in the EU member states depend on their ability to effectively balance different social interests, offering «simple» solutions to complex systemic problems. The price of election campaigns (Internet advertising) has increased. Big sponsors allocate money to politicians to achieve their specific goals and therefore look for exactly such candidates who will push such goals. The struggle for political earnings drains time, resources and enthusiasm. As a result, citizens as a whole are polarized and become politically uncompromising. In this way, populists simply fulfill the wishes of their voters. Populism is also facilitated by the new information environment. Social media offers post truth and a variety of highly specialized topics and points of view. People get locked into their info menu. Virtual reality is killing real democracy. Social capital as a network of public institutions, the norms of reciprocity and trust that arise from them, is declining.
Evidence of an Ephemeral Epipalaeolithic Site in the Crimean Foothills: from the History of Field Research in Crimea in 1990
(2023) Stepanchuk Vadym; Степанчук Вадим
This paper presents materials from one of the Palaeolithic sites discovered by the author in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Crimea. The Hamak-Koba sediment pack was once tested, and some archaeological materials were recovered. These are few but rather informative and have been published for the first time now. Judging by the available data, Hamak-Koba is a short-term site of a mobile group of hunters. The remains of shells of the land snail Helix vulgaris, which were probably consumed as food, may indicate the Epipalaeolithic or Mesolithic age of the site and probably exclude the winter season of its visitation. The technical and typological features of the stone artefacts found, including blades with indications of intensive use and burnt endscrapers, are consistent with the assumption of the site's age therefore positioned somewhere between the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. An undisturbed horizon with artefacts and hearth remains was discovered during the test pitting. It also turned out that a significant part of the shelter is practically devoid of culture-bearing deposits. The locality suggests one of the points visited by early hunters while travelling through the exploited territory in search of resources. This version is supported by the features of the stone artefacts, which show signs of special selection and therefore belong to a part of a mobile toolkit, traces of intensive wear on them, and the location of the site in a rock shelter near convenient access to a plateau providing dominating heights and good observation points, although far from water sources.
Factors of Influence on the Formation of B.Grinchenko as a Political Actor
(2024) Reznik Maksym; Резнік Максим
The aim of this article is to substantiate the factors influencing the formation of B.Grinchenko as a political figure and the formation of his political views and preferences. The research methodology is represented by a set of methods and approaches used in the process of working on the material: analysis, logical generalization, systematization, comparison, as well as historical and historical-biographical approaches.The article summarizes and systematizes the influencing factors on the development of B.Grinchenko as a political figure, on the formation of his political views. The outlined factors are divided into internal and external. It is substantiated that the formation of the personality of Boris Grinchenko as a political figure was influenced by many factors, which in general can be divided into two separate groups: internal and external. Internal factors are factors that are formed largely under the influence of character traits and individual moral qualities of the actor. They were singled out in the process of working out the actor’s biography. External factors are, on the contrary, factors that do not depend on Boris Grinchenko’s character traits and were formed mostly by the influence of the social processes of that time. Such factors are substantiated throughthe prism of the actor’s political achievements, which is seen as a completely rational approach.The object of the study is the process of formation of B.Grinchenko as a political figure. The subject is the political activity of B.Grinchenko in the context of the formation of his views and worldview. The scientific novelty of the article consists in substantiating the factors influencing the formation of B.Grinchenko’s political views and the process of his formation as a politician. As a direction of further research, it is appropriate to highlight the relevance of determining the influence of individual representatives of the Ukrainian elite of that time on the formation of the actor’s worldview.
Foreign Prisoners of War in Kyiv Region In 1943-1954 According to the Documents of Ukrainian Archives
(2024) Chekysh Nazar Viktorovych; Чекиш Назар Вікторович
The aim of the article is the attribution and characterization of a range of unpublished sources from the archives of Ukraine, which contain information about the situation of prisoners of war of Germany and its allies in Soviet camps on the territory of Kyiv and Kyiv region in 1943–1954. The research methodology is defined by the principles of scientificity, historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The author used the methods of source studies, including archival heuristics, analysis and synthesis of documentary sources. The scientific novelty is in determining the typological and specific composition, content and informational potential of an unpublished array of documents on the history of the regional link of Soviet military captivity in Kyiv region, which are stored in the archives of Ukraine.Conclusions. The identified and systematized array of unpublished sources on the history of the regional branch of the Soviet military captivity in the Kyiv region in 1943–1954 are represented by the directive documents of the top party leadership of the Ukrainian SSR, the government of the republic, regulatory and administrative orders of the NKVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs), records of the Ukrainian Military Intelligence Service, special camps and hospitals, documents of the management entities that used the labour of prisoners of war, the decisions of local authorities on the allocation of buildings and land for the placement of regime facilities and the burial of dead prisoners.Documents that differ in content and are unequal in the degree of informativeness characterize the general directions of the Soviet policy in the field of military prisoners at the final stage of the Second World War and in the post-war period, and on the example of a specific region reflect the steps taken by the authorities aimed at its practical implementation. The content of the studied documents allows us: to identify the general features of the Soviet military captivity system and the peculiarities of its regional branch in the Kyiv region, in particular in the context of the organization, functioning and liquidation of camps and special hospitals for prisoners of war in 1943–1954; to find out the situation of foreign prisoners in the camps of Kyiv and the region, the peculiarities of the regime of detention, material, household, food provision and treatment, etc.
German-Ukrainian Cooperation: Activities of the Fund “Memory, Responsibility and Future”
(2023) Концур Вікторія; Kontsur Viktoriia; Концур Микола; Kontsur Mykola
The article examines the transformation of the activities of the Fund “Memory, Responsibility and Future” (germ. “Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft”) of the Federal Republic of Germany and German-Ukrainian cooperation in the cultural and educational sphere. The experience of interaction between former enemies during the Second World War is considered in relation to extremely painful issues of historical memory in Ukraine and Germany in order to overcome historical traumas. During the Second World War, Ukraine was one of the main regions for the export of Ostarbeiters to Nazi Germany. For a long time, a large proportion of forced laborers were not subject to the German compensation law. Only at the end of the 20th century, the German and international public raised the issue of payments to former forced laborers. In 1998, the Bundestag decided to create a fund to pay compensation with financial participation from German industry. The fund paid one-time compensation primarily to former concentration camp prisoners and deported civilian workers from Central and Eastern Europe. Out of the total amount of compensation of 4.4 billion euros, Ukraine received more than 400 million euros. In 2010, the payments were completed, but the fund continued and expanded its activities. Today, the fund supports the implementation of international projects aimed at strengthening partnership and cooperation between Germany and countries that suffered from the consequences of National Socialism. The fund’s annual reports show that Ukraine is the undisputed leader among the partner countries in the implementation of these projects. Such fruitful cooperation became possible thanks to the activities of Ukrainian organizations, unions and funds regarding comprehensive support and assistance from the state and society to the victims of Nazism. The active partners of the German fund “Memory, Responsibility and Future” are the Ukrainian Union of Prisoners-Victims of Nazism and the Ukrainian Cultural Fund. Among the products of this international cooperation are an online archive and an online educational platform that can be effectively used for scientific and educational purposes. Thus, the fund became a kind of expression of the political and moral responsibility of the German state for the damages caused by the National Socialist regime, and a cultural and educational bridge between the former irreconcilable enemies.
Historical and Legal Science as a Driving Factor of Consciousness Nationalization (19 – Early 20 Century)
(2023) Balanyuk Natalia; Kovtun Svitlana; Баланюк Наталія; Ковтун Світлана
The prospects for the introduction of historical and legal science at the 19 – early 20 century have been determined under the conditions of the first attempts to introduce the first national universities. It is emphasized that the strengthening of the connection of historical and legal science with the historical past of the formation of national consciousness is characteristic of the isolated period. It has been proven that mostly the very first explorations of jurisprudence marked the history of Ukrainian law as a part of Polish, Austrian, and Russian law emphasizing the principles of “common origin”, in parallel Ukrainian law as an individual historical development was unfortunately not considered. Based on today’s military events in the country, one of the most urgent tasks of science is the separation from the Russian concept and the Polish one, deidealization of the missionary role of Austria. Universities in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odesa, Lviv, Chernivtsi, numerous scientific societies that emerged during the 1870-90s; historical-philological at the Kharkiv, Kyiv and Odesa universities, Nestor Chronicle Historical Society, Southwestern Division of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kyiv and others initiated the development of historical and legal thought. The first Ukrainian scientific schools appeared in the university environment, although university scholars had to balance the pressure from the outside and their own internal academic values and ideals.
Historical and Local Lore Activity of Stepan Havrylovych Baran-Butovych (1877-1944)
(2024) Trykashnyi Yaroslav; Трикашний Ярослав
The article is dedicated to the Ukrainian historian, archaeologist, local historian and teacher S.H.Baran-Butovych. The aim of the article: on the basis of available sources and historiographical materials, to characterize the selfless activity of the scientist, teacher and public figure S.H.Baran-Butovych in the direction of local history and tourism work. The relevance of the research is determined by the activation of local lore studies in the 21stcentury. A detailed study of the history of the regions and their prominent figures contributes to the awakening of national self-awareness of Ukrainian people, their historical memory, and the consolidation of the nation. In this context, the significance of the historical and local history activity of S.H.Baran-Butovych for Chernihiv Oblast was studied, as well as his contribution to the study of the history of Ukraine.Scientific novelty: the article presents the activities of S.H.Baran-Butovych in certain periods of his life, his scientific works of local history are characterized. These are thematic articles in the newspapers Ukrainian Polissya (Ukrainian Courier) and the studio that played an important role in the development of local history – ‘Chernihiv as an object of historical and local history excursions’ (1931). Information is provided about the trials of the scientist’s fate in the 1930s of the 20thcentury.The methodological basis of the work is based on the biographical method, using the principles of scientific objectivism, historicism, and systematicity with the use of general scientific methods of synthesis, analysis, and generalization.Conclusions. The article presents the historical and local history activities of S.H.Baran-Butovych, his participation in the creation of the Chernihiv excursion bureau is highlighted, hisworks are analyzed and their importance for the development of local history in the Chernihiv region is determined.Activities of S.H.Barana-Butovych contributed to further development of local history and tourism industry of Chernihiv, and his articles in newspapers, as well as the work ‘Chernihiv as an object of historical and local history excursions’ contributed to drawing attention to the historical past of Ukraine, in particular, Chernihiv Oblast, and were also important sources of formation of national values, consciousness and worldview.
History of the Establishment and Development of the Securities Institute
(2023) Lisnyі Ivan; Лісний Іван
The article examines the history of the formation and development of such an institution as securities. The emergence of securities and the implementation of various financial transactions with them has a centuries-old history. The birth of this institute plays a significant role in the development of the financial market, which in turn is a key cog in the mechanism of the entire economy. Some ancient peoples knew symbols without names, but their rights were determined only by the fact of possession. Although these signs had no guarantees in the modern sense, there is a certain historical connection between them and there is reason to consider them archetypes of the latter. The purpose of the research is to study the process of creation of the securities market in the world and to identify further stages of development for the securities market of Ukraine. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of objectivity, historicism and systematicity with the application of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization in the unity of logical and historical, the study of phenomena in concrete – historical conditions, the transition from concrete to abstract and from abstract to concrete with the use of general scientific methods. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the comprehensive analysis of the process of transformation of securities and the process of their formation in the world community. Conclusions. Thus, as a result of the long history of the securities market, the global financial architecture of the securities market was formed only at the beginning of the 21st century, which determined the main trends of its development. However, in general, the growth of securities markets is cyclical, and even when there are periods of market decline, the growth of securities markets is a continuous evolutionary process aimed at increasing the importance of securities markets as a source of investment resources for economic growth.
Jehovah’s Witnesses under the Control of Soviet Security Services (1945-1951)
(2023) Tryhub Oleksandr; Тригуб Олександр
In September 1945, the NKGB (The People’s Commissariat for State Security) of the Ukrainian SSR opened an agent-operational case is called ‘Zavet’ (‘Testament’) against supporters of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The factual basis for the “creating” a centralized case was the agential and investigative materials at the disposal of the NKGB, which, according to the state security personnel, “testified” that on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR “illegal formations of sectarian Jehovah’s Witnesses existed and carried out active anti-Soviet activities.” The presence of a singleleading center of the ‘Jehovist underground in Ukraine’ was also assumed. The leaders of religious groups were immediately taken into operational development in Alchevsk, Yasynovata and Avdiivka in the Donbas, Lviv, Kyiv region, etc. According to operational data, the ‘Jehovists’ were extremely hostile to the Soviet government, called it “satanic” and agitated for its non-recognition. Many ordinary believers did not officially work anywhere, did not recognize any documents, avoided any kind of registration, and so on. Since such a line of behavior was considered “anti-Soviet” by the official authorities, thedenomination itself entered the camp of “hostile” and requiring immediate prompt response. The latter was expressed in unofficial repressions and the introduction of internal agents into the environment of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The first arrests were carried out during December 1945 – January 1946, which continued until the early 1950s. The impossibility of resolving the issue of Jehovah’s Witnesses by agential and operational measures led the NKGB to think about more radical measures. In March 1951, a plan was prepared for the deportation of Jehovah’s Witnesses supporters. More than 8,000 believers were supposed to be evicted, information about whom had been collected by state security agencies for a number of years. As final points of deportation, first of all, the Irkutsk and Tomsk regions were planned. Therefore, the operation received the code name ‘Sever’ (‘North’). The eviction was carried out on the territory of the Lviv, Volyn, Rivne, Drohobych, Stanislav, Ternopil and Chernivtsi regions of the Ukrainian SSR. A total of 1,788 families were evicted, with a total of 6,310 people (data not complete). The completion of operation ‘Sever’ actually completed the work on the centralized agentoperational case ‘Zavet’. At the same time, repression against Jehovah’s Witnesses continued in the future.
Language as One of the Key Factors of National Identity Through The Prism of Language Referendums in the Usa 1980-2002
(2023) Kazakov Hennadii; Казаков Геннадій; Fatiukha Yaroslava; Фатюха Ярослава
The article analyzes the language issue in some American states in the last quarter of the ХХ beginning of the ХХІ century as one of the factors of national identity. The authors put forward the thesis that the factor of the English language is one of the starting points in terms of selfidentification as an American. It was determined that the majority of American states were bilingual, as a result of which it was allowed to maintain state documentation in two or three languages. At the same time, a significant part of Americans determined that the language of Americans is English, and therefore it is necessary to recognize a single official language for state document circulation, teaching in educational institutions, etc. The presented processes became especially vivid in the southern states, where there were significant centers of the non-Englishspeaking population associated with continuous migration from Latin American countries. Partial Latinization of some states in the middle of the ХХ century. led to growing protests from the English-speaking population, which sometimes took the form of xenophobia. As a result, several referendums were initiated, which demonstrated the position of society regarding the English language, its status as an identifier of the nation. The authors of the article note that although the language referendums were intended to improve the work of state bodies, to unify the documentation procedure in the states, in practice they led to their radical interpretation and the prohibition of the use of any language other than English not only at the state level, but also in everyday practices. As a result, referendum decisions have sometimes forced linguistic minorities to reconsider their own criteria for identifying themselves as citizens of the United States. In this case, the knowledge and use of the English language becomes a significant factor in the processes of American self identification.

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