Роль Гітлерюгенду у вихованні німецької молоді (1933–1945 рр.)
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Дата
2023
Назва журналу
Номер ISSN
Назва тому
Видавець
СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка
Анотація
Безперечно, виховання та освіта визначаються політичними, соціальними та економічними реаліями того чи іншого суспільства. У тоталітарному суспільстві, як показує практика, виховання відіграє величезну роль, оскільки воно має створювати і постійно зміцнювати основу тоталітарної системи. Ба більше, сама тоталітарна система передбачає через виховання створити «нову людину», не просто віддану або лояльну до режиму, а таку, що є його складовою частиною, яка не мислить свого існування поза рамками тоталітарного ладу. У Радянському Союзі це мала бути «радянська людина», у Третьому рейху – «націонал‐соціалістична людина». Виявлено, що стосовно дітей, які не мають життєвого досвіду і усталених принципів, тоталітарна система Німеччини 1933– 1945 рр. застосовувала витончені виховні технології. Однією з таких технологій було залучення до Гітлерюгенду з усіма відповідними впливами на молодь. Рух Гітлерюгенд мав чотири підрозділи, структуровані за статтю та віком: «Німецька молодь» (Deutsches Jungvolk) для хлопців від 10 до 14 років; Союз молодих дівчат (Jungmädelbund) для дівчат від 10 до 14 років; Союз німецьких дівчат (Bund Deutscher Mädel або BDM) для дівчат від 14 до 18 років; «Гітлерівська молодь» (Hitlerjugend) для хлопців від 14 до 18 років. Пізніше нацисти створили добровільний підрозділ Союзу німецьких дівчат для молодих жінок віком 17–21 рік під назвою «Віра та краса».
That obsession lasted only twelve years, but its effects are still felt today. Even today, many of those who were young at the time are heartbroken to realize that they were exploited by a criminal regime. Actor Hardy Krueger, who was also a member of the Hitleryuhend at the time, called this pain «mental scars and scars». That generation is still alive today. It can tell of an era when man was not seen as an individual, but as expendable. Hitleryuhend was not a single monolith. There were enthusiasts and activists, some of whom still speak fondly of the «wonderful times» in the Hitleryuhend and the Union of German Girls. There was a huge mass of those who, without hesitation, followed orders and dreamed of one thing – to survive the war. And there were those few who doubted and tried to oppose the regime’s actions. The picture was not homogeneous. For example, what young people born in 1923 had to endure was radically different from the life experience of those born ten years later. There were also marked regional differences: life for young people in big cities such as Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne was different from that in the Black Forest, Pomerania, or East Prussia. If a young man in Hitler’s Reich wanted vivid impressions, the Hitleryuhend offered him very attractive pastime opportunities. Campfire, tent romance, and adventure created a sense of collectivism and team spirit. «We were freezing, sweating, soaking wet in tents, «recalls one of them», «but what a collective experience, traveling, straining all our strength. In the evenings we sat all together around the fire. We sang songs. In the dark night, the stars shone above us. A thrilling feeling that cannot be forgotten». More than thirty percent of the young people born between 1921 and 1925 died on the fronts of the Second World War or in aerial bombardments of cities on the home front. From the Atlantic coast to the Black Sea, from the Arctic Circle to Africa and throughout Germany, their graves are reminders of the adventure into which Hitler tricked the younger generation. Many young people were both victims and executioners. The leaders of the Hitleryuhend took part in all the violence carried out by the Gauleiter and SS units in the captured eastern regions. Let’s summarize. For this generation, 1945 was not only a total defeat. It was the collapse of an entire system of values. In 1945, for young Germans, the past to which they could return disappeared. They knew nothing but National Socialism and war. National Socialism had led them to war. In 1945, both the war and National Socialism faded into oblivion. Many young men and women in the first post‐war years had difficulty adjusting to the new democratic order. They turned their energies to economic development, to building their families. In 1968, their children turned against their fathers. The disputes are still going on. The totalitarian system used not only propaganda, but also more sophisticated methods of education for children without life experience and established principles. One of these methods was the Hitleryuhend, originally one of many scouting organizations in Germany, which eventually absorbed all others and became the only legal youth organization in the Third Reich. In this article, we have traced the stages of the creation of the Hitleryuhend, its transformation from an ordinary scouting organization into a driving force for the propaganda of national socialism. How this organization replaced not only school education but also parental education.
That obsession lasted only twelve years, but its effects are still felt today. Even today, many of those who were young at the time are heartbroken to realize that they were exploited by a criminal regime. Actor Hardy Krueger, who was also a member of the Hitleryuhend at the time, called this pain «mental scars and scars». That generation is still alive today. It can tell of an era when man was not seen as an individual, but as expendable. Hitleryuhend was not a single monolith. There were enthusiasts and activists, some of whom still speak fondly of the «wonderful times» in the Hitleryuhend and the Union of German Girls. There was a huge mass of those who, without hesitation, followed orders and dreamed of one thing – to survive the war. And there were those few who doubted and tried to oppose the regime’s actions. The picture was not homogeneous. For example, what young people born in 1923 had to endure was radically different from the life experience of those born ten years later. There were also marked regional differences: life for young people in big cities such as Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne was different from that in the Black Forest, Pomerania, or East Prussia. If a young man in Hitler’s Reich wanted vivid impressions, the Hitleryuhend offered him very attractive pastime opportunities. Campfire, tent romance, and adventure created a sense of collectivism and team spirit. «We were freezing, sweating, soaking wet in tents, «recalls one of them», «but what a collective experience, traveling, straining all our strength. In the evenings we sat all together around the fire. We sang songs. In the dark night, the stars shone above us. A thrilling feeling that cannot be forgotten». More than thirty percent of the young people born between 1921 and 1925 died on the fronts of the Second World War or in aerial bombardments of cities on the home front. From the Atlantic coast to the Black Sea, from the Arctic Circle to Africa and throughout Germany, their graves are reminders of the adventure into which Hitler tricked the younger generation. Many young people were both victims and executioners. The leaders of the Hitleryuhend took part in all the violence carried out by the Gauleiter and SS units in the captured eastern regions. Let’s summarize. For this generation, 1945 was not only a total defeat. It was the collapse of an entire system of values. In 1945, for young Germans, the past to which they could return disappeared. They knew nothing but National Socialism and war. National Socialism had led them to war. In 1945, both the war and National Socialism faded into oblivion. Many young men and women in the first post‐war years had difficulty adjusting to the new democratic order. They turned their energies to economic development, to building their families. In 1968, their children turned against their fathers. The disputes are still going on. The totalitarian system used not only propaganda, but also more sophisticated methods of education for children without life experience and established principles. One of these methods was the Hitleryuhend, originally one of many scouting organizations in Germany, which eventually absorbed all others and became the only legal youth organization in the Third Reich. In this article, we have traced the stages of the creation of the Hitleryuhend, its transformation from an ordinary scouting organization into a driving force for the propaganda of national socialism. How this organization replaced not only school education but also parental education.
Опис
Ключові слова
Гітлерюгенд, нацизм, школа, фюрер, Націонал‐соціалістична робітнича партія Німеччини, Юнгмедхен, Юнгфольк, Бальдур фон Ширах, Hitleryuhend, Nazism, school, Führer, National Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany, Jungmedchen, Jungfolk
Бібліографічний опис
Гобозашвілі А. Роль Гітлерюгенду у вихованні німецької молоді (1933–1945 рр.) [Текст] / А. Гобозашвілі, В. Мокляк // Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології : науковий журнал / МОН України, Сумський державний педагогічний ун-т ім. А. С. Макаренка ; [редкол.: А. А. Сбруєва, М. А. Бойченко, О. А. Біда та ін.]. – Суми : СумДПУ ім. А. С. Макаренка, 2023. – № 10 (134). – С. 149–158. – DOI: 10.24139/2312‐5993/2023.10/149‐158