Порівняльний аналіз причин і форм прояву сепаратизму в Європі та Азії
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Дата
2025
Назва журналу
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Видавець
Сумський державний педагогічний університет імені А. С. Макаренка, Сумський відділ Українського географічного товариства
Анотація
Стаття присвячена вивченню сепаратизму, його причин, різновидів, інтенсивності проявів у країнах Європи та Азії. Сепаратизм є проблемою багатьох країн обох регіонів, але з певними особливостями, відмінними рисами та кількістю осередків. На основі використанням літературного, порівняльно-географічного, картографічного методів, аналізу й синтезу, узагальнення проведена порівняльна характеристика та розглянуті наслідки європейського й азійського сепаратизму. В Азійському регіоні сформувалося близько 50 осередків сепаратизму. Домінуючими причинами, в більшості випадків, стали етнічні та релігійні відмінності населення окремих країн, що, зумовило прояви активного, часто, агресивного сепаратизму з терором та людськими жертвами. У країнах Європи нараховується більше 60 осередків сепаратизму, а поштовхом для його виникнення стали, переважно, причини економічні, етно-лінгвістичні, підсилені історичними та політичними чинниками. Європейський сепаратизм, попри більшу кількість осередків і більшу кількість країн, де вони сформувалися, є менш активним, ніж азійський і найчастіше проявляється, як поміркований або пасивний. Проблема сепаратизму зумовила пошук шляхів для її вирішення. Серед великої кількості методів протидії сепаратизму більш рекомендованими є методи політичні й економічні, такого підходу дотримуються європейські країни. У випадку з активним етнічним та релігійним сепаратизмом, який переважає в країнах Азії, частіше застосовують методи силові. Вирішення проблеми сепаратизму й попередження його наслідків є важливим для досягнення політичної, економічної та соціальної стабільності в регіонах.
The article is devoted to the study of the problem of separatism, its causes, varieties, intensity of manifestations in the countries of Europe and Asia. The causes and intensity of manifestations of this phenomenon in them are identified. Approaches to solving this problem are discussed.Separatism is a theory, policy and practice aimed at weakening the influence and control of central government in a particular territory. The main groups of causes of separatism include the mutual territorial claims of ethnic groups, economic, socio-cultural, political, historical, ideological, demographic. In Asian countries, ethnic and religious differences in the populations of individual countries have become the dominant causes in most cases. In East Asia, China is the main country with separatism issues, with five major centers currently identified, including Xinjiang Uyghur, Tibet Autonomous Areas, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Inner Mongolia. In Southeast Asia, the problems of separatism are Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia and the Philippines. In South Asia, significant branches of separatism were formed in India, in particular in the states of Punjab, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir; The separatism of Pashtuns and Baluchis in Pakistan is dangerous. In the countries of Southwest Asia, the manifestations of separatism can be traced in Yemen, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria and the countries of the South Caucasus. Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan are among the five countries in Central Asia with particular problems of separatism. In European countries, the impetus for separatism was mainly economic, ethno-linguistic, exacerbated by historical and political factors. European separatism is less active than Asian, often moderate or passive. The brightest centers of separatism in Northern Europe have formed in Great Britain and Denmark, and manifestations may be intensifying in the Norwegian and Swedish parts of Lapland, as well as in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. In Western Europe, the most pronounced manifestations of separatism are Belgium, France, to some extent Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Spain and Italy suffer from separatism in the southern Europe, bursts of Albanian separatism from time to time occur in Macedonia, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, and the disintegration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Among Сentral and Eastern European countries, Poland, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine have problems of separatism. Separatism is a dangerous influence on the integrity and internal security of each individual state, where it is manifested and spread to neighboring countries and regions, causing destabilization and conflicts in them. Especially dangerous is separatism active in its forms of manifestation - Uyghur in China, which is accompanied by terrorist attacks and the spread of terrorism to other territories; in the southern provinces of Thailand, which, among other things, is a significant threat to the development of the economy and the tourism sector; in Myanmar, which is cultivating increasingly sectarian animosity. The problem of separatism in Yemen may become a regional problem, and the activity of the Kurds in the struggle for self-determination may cause the disintegration of some states where they live, and also lead to the intensification of similar activities in other countries of the Middle East. In the European region, the main consequences of separatism were the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991-1992, Czechoslovakia in 1993, instability within the EU, the shaking of the principles of European solidarity, and the creation of unrecognized self-proclaimed formations. Political and economic methods are more recommended among the large number of methods for solving the problem of separatism, although in the case of active ethnic and religious separatism, power methods are more commonly used. Each of the studied countries chooses methods based on the activity and characteristics of the manifestations of separatism. Thus, in the struggle for South Ossetia and Abkhazia occupied by Russia, official Tbilisi tries to act diplomatically, China uses mainly forceful methods in relation to the Uyghurs, with Tibetan separatism - political and economic measures. Thailand combines force, political and economic measures to combat separatism. Forceful methods, especially in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, are used by India. The authorities of Kazakhstan are trying to prevent manifestations of separatism, using legal levers. The Myanmar government, having used a powerful arsenal of force methods, is now leaning more towards political means. Inter-confessional separatism, which prevails in Asia, almost always manifests itself in an active form and is accompanied by radical actions and numerous human sacrifices. And it is difficult to find effective methods of combating it, conflicts have been going on for decades, and most of them still remain unresolved. In the fight against separatism, the governments of European countries are trying to give preference to political, diplomatic, and legal problem-solving methods, for example, resolving the language issue in Switzerland at the legislative level, developing clear positions on the Hungarian issue in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia; in Ukraine - adoption of the Law "On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine" and increased responsibility for separatist actions.
The article is devoted to the study of the problem of separatism, its causes, varieties, intensity of manifestations in the countries of Europe and Asia. The causes and intensity of manifestations of this phenomenon in them are identified. Approaches to solving this problem are discussed.Separatism is a theory, policy and practice aimed at weakening the influence and control of central government in a particular territory. The main groups of causes of separatism include the mutual territorial claims of ethnic groups, economic, socio-cultural, political, historical, ideological, demographic. In Asian countries, ethnic and religious differences in the populations of individual countries have become the dominant causes in most cases. In East Asia, China is the main country with separatism issues, with five major centers currently identified, including Xinjiang Uyghur, Tibet Autonomous Areas, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Inner Mongolia. In Southeast Asia, the problems of separatism are Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia and the Philippines. In South Asia, significant branches of separatism were formed in India, in particular in the states of Punjab, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir; The separatism of Pashtuns and Baluchis in Pakistan is dangerous. In the countries of Southwest Asia, the manifestations of separatism can be traced in Yemen, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria and the countries of the South Caucasus. Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan are among the five countries in Central Asia with particular problems of separatism. In European countries, the impetus for separatism was mainly economic, ethno-linguistic, exacerbated by historical and political factors. European separatism is less active than Asian, often moderate or passive. The brightest centers of separatism in Northern Europe have formed in Great Britain and Denmark, and manifestations may be intensifying in the Norwegian and Swedish parts of Lapland, as well as in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. In Western Europe, the most pronounced manifestations of separatism are Belgium, France, to some extent Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Spain and Italy suffer from separatism in the southern Europe, bursts of Albanian separatism from time to time occur in Macedonia, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, and the disintegration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Among Сentral and Eastern European countries, Poland, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine have problems of separatism. Separatism is a dangerous influence on the integrity and internal security of each individual state, where it is manifested and spread to neighboring countries and regions, causing destabilization and conflicts in them. Especially dangerous is separatism active in its forms of manifestation - Uyghur in China, which is accompanied by terrorist attacks and the spread of terrorism to other territories; in the southern provinces of Thailand, which, among other things, is a significant threat to the development of the economy and the tourism sector; in Myanmar, which is cultivating increasingly sectarian animosity. The problem of separatism in Yemen may become a regional problem, and the activity of the Kurds in the struggle for self-determination may cause the disintegration of some states where they live, and also lead to the intensification of similar activities in other countries of the Middle East. In the European region, the main consequences of separatism were the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991-1992, Czechoslovakia in 1993, instability within the EU, the shaking of the principles of European solidarity, and the creation of unrecognized self-proclaimed formations. Political and economic methods are more recommended among the large number of methods for solving the problem of separatism, although in the case of active ethnic and religious separatism, power methods are more commonly used. Each of the studied countries chooses methods based on the activity and characteristics of the manifestations of separatism. Thus, in the struggle for South Ossetia and Abkhazia occupied by Russia, official Tbilisi tries to act diplomatically, China uses mainly forceful methods in relation to the Uyghurs, with Tibetan separatism - political and economic measures. Thailand combines force, political and economic measures to combat separatism. Forceful methods, especially in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, are used by India. The authorities of Kazakhstan are trying to prevent manifestations of separatism, using legal levers. The Myanmar government, having used a powerful arsenal of force methods, is now leaning more towards political means. Inter-confessional separatism, which prevails in Asia, almost always manifests itself in an active form and is accompanied by radical actions and numerous human sacrifices. And it is difficult to find effective methods of combating it, conflicts have been going on for decades, and most of them still remain unresolved. In the fight against separatism, the governments of European countries are trying to give preference to political, diplomatic, and legal problem-solving methods, for example, resolving the language issue in Switzerland at the legislative level, developing clear positions on the Hungarian issue in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia; in Ukraine - adoption of the Law "On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine" and increased responsibility for separatist actions.
Опис
Ключові слова
сепаратизм, сецесія, еноліз, іредентизм, автономія, федералізація, самовизначення, просторовий аналіз, геополітичні процеси, конфліктологія, separatism, secession, enolism, irredentism, autonomy, federalization, self-determination, spatial analysis, geopolitical processes, conflict studies
Бібліографічний опис
Ріпа, В. М. Порівняльний аналіз причин і форм прояву сепаратизму в Європі та Азії [Текст] / В. М. Ріпа, І. М. Філоненко // Наукові записки СумДПУ імені А. С. Макаренка. Географічні науки : [збірник наукових праць] / МОН України, Сумський державний педагогічний університет імені А. С. Макаренка, Українське географічне товариство, Сумський відділ ; [редкол.: А. О. Корнус, К. Ю. Сегіда, О. М. Король та ін.]. – Суми : СумДПУ імені А. С. Макаренка, 2025. – Т. 2, вип. 6. – С. 62–75. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15106039