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  • Документ
    Wood-and-Earth Materials in the Military Architecture of Forest-Steppe Saltovo-Mayaki Hillforts
    (СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025) Svystun Hennadii; Свистун Геннадій; Kvitkovskyi Viktor; Квітковський Віктор
    The article presents the main results of a study on forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts, whose defensive structures show no evidence of the use of building stone or its substitute, fired brick, and feature only wood-and-earth fortifications. An analysis of their locations reveals certain areas where they quantitatively predominate or are the sole type compared to those with masonry defensive structures. The article presents various viewpoints of researchers and the authors' explanations regarding the origins of such construction and the role of hillforts with wood-and-earth fortifications, as well as the purpose of their construction.The aim of the article is to highlight the main results of the study of forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts and to summarize the current state of knowledge about them. The authors also intended to explain the role of these hillforts in the forest-steppe region, which was settled by the carriers of the Saltovo-Mayaki cultural and historical community, based on the current state of knowledge about this group of sites.The methodological basis of the study was the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematic analysis, using general scientific methods to study phenomena in specific historical conditions. The analysis of natural and geographical conditions helped to determine the main available building materials used by ancient builders. Historical geography and geology data were used to identify locations with a concentration of defensive structures made from different types ofbuilding materials.Scientific novelty of the publication. For the first time, forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts with exclusively wood-and-earth defensive structures have been subjected to a specialized comprehensive analysis. The overall state of their research has been revealed, and possible explanations for this type of defensive architecture are provided.Conclusions. Due to their solitary and sporadic location across the forest-steppe (in the adjacent zone of the middle course of the Seversky Donets River, they are, according to current data, the exclusive type) against the backdrop of the general cartography of Saltovo-Mayaki forest-steppe fortifications, wood-and-earth forest-steppe Saltovo-Mayaki hillforts are most likely shelter sites for the Saltovo-Mayaki population during the initial (more probable) or final stages of their stay in the colonization zone. This may also indicate the limited resources of certain communities in the specified territory, which could not afford to allocate significant labor. However, it is not excluded that such fortifications could have been considered sufficient for the Oskil microregion in the upper reaches of the river, where a large ferrous metallurgy center was archaeologically discovered. Here, such hillforts predominate.Wood-and-earth fortifications were attempted to be created with minimal costs, using the most accessible building materials, which were wood and soil excavated during the digging of moats.