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Документ Chronicle Mention of the Detention of Polovtsian Ambassadors On The River Loknya in 1127(2024) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe article is devoted to the analysis of the text of the chronicle mention of the detention of Polovtsian ambassadors on the Loknya River in 1127. On the basis of a set of sources, the issue of the possible route of the Polovtsian army and the place of their stay on the Vyr River is considered. One of the problems in localizing the scene of the event is that there are several rivers in the studied region called Loknya. One of them is a tributary of the Vyr River and in the nineteenth century was considered the place where the ambassadors were detained. At the beginning of the twentieth century, historians and local historians revised these conclusions and determined that these events took place near the modern city of Suja. For almost a hundred years, this interpretation was not in doubt and was considered to be settled in historical science. However, the emergence of new data from archaeology, historical geography, and maps of the early modern period allows us to consider this issue in more detail. Maps from the first half of the eighteenth century show a small forested area in the upper reaches of the Vyr River, as well as a ford or crossing nearby. This location is exactly where the “steppe corridor” was located in the twelfth and first half of the thirteenth centuries, along which the Polovtsians moved to Kyiv and Chernihiv. The combination of several important facts allows us to assume with a high degree of probability that the events of 1127 took place on the Loknya River near the chronicle town of Vyr. The author proposes several possible routes of the Polovtsian army and provides arguments to confirm the version in favor of localizing this event there, and not in the basin of the Psel River.Документ Fortresses of Left-Bank Ukraine as a Raw Material Base for Saltpeter Mining in the 18 Century(2024) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe article is devoted to the study of the history of saltpeter mining on the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine and the fate of the earth defense structures of the Cossack fortresses in this process. Nitrate production in the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine was a fairly widespread industry. The development of artillery and firearms in early modern armies was one of the reasons for the increase in saltpeter production. In the 17thcentury, mounds of barrows and ramparts of ancient fortifications were used for its extraction, where saltpeter was naturally concentrated. Butthis method depended on the coincidence of many factors. From the second half of the 17thcentury on the territory of the Hetman Oblast and the Slobozhan Oblast, the on-board method of saltpeter mining is increasingly spreading. The appearance of saltpeter plants, which worked with artificial edges, greatly simplified the process of saltpeter production, but also required finding places for their location. At this time, saltpeter workers paid attention to the abandoned fortresses built in the 17thcentury, which had a convenient location and soil reserves for the construction of artificial banks.During the 18thcentury, the role of fortresses in the defense of Left Bank Ukraine is gradually changing. At the beginning of the century, they were an important component of defense, but over time their influence gradually decreases. Some of them are falling into disrepair, and the rest are turning into rural settlements. The territory of the abandoned fortresses was a convenient location for saltpeter workshops, and the defensive structures served as a raw material base for saltpeter mining. If in the first half of the 18thcentury the hetman’s administration followed the preservation of fortresses, then in the second half of the century this process became widespread even without the restoration of the ramparts. The final destruction of defensive structures by saltpeter’s took place at the end of the century and was connected with the re-planning of cities.Документ Hillforts of the Southern Sivershchyna in Legends and Folk Memory(2024) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe goal of the study is to analyze the legends and tales associated with the hillforts of the Southern Sivershchyna and to highlight the historical component in the described events. The research methodology is represented by: the principle of historicism, the systemic approach, the methods of logic and grouping, the comparative-historical and problem-chronological principles.Tales and legends were recorded by historians and archaeologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries during explorations and excavations. The legends associated with the hillforts are quite diverse in their plots. The vast majority of them are related to a great treasure guarded by a powerful, often evil, force. Such legends describe conditions, often difficult, that make it impossible for seekers to fulfill them. Another story involves robbers and their loot, which they buried but left behind for some reason. These treasures also have a spell or are hidden at a very considerable depth. According to the local people, it is often a high rampart of a settlement. Legends associated with certain historical figures or events can be distinguished separately. They often intertwine a variety of plots, and historical figures from different times are the heroes of one legend. Sometimes the protagonists are representatives of a particular nation, such as the Tatars or Swedes, without specifying their names or time. The vast majority of legends with a clear and complete plot were recorded in the first quarter of the twentieth century by archaeologists during exploration. Their recording was one of the prerequisites in the developed methodological recommendations of the NAC.Документ Localization of the Bilsk Transportation According to Archaeological Research and Remote Sensing(2024) Korotia Oleksii; Коротя Олексій; Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe article is devoted to the localization of one of the crossings of the Vorskla River near the village of Bilsk. The Bilsk crossing is mentioned in written sources only once without its exact location. This is a little-known river crossing, but its functioning is closely related to the history of the region’s settlement and the development of transport infrastructure.The aim of the work is to determine the location of the Bilsk crossing in the early modern period, to find out the features of its structure and functioning, as well as to analyze archaeological artifacts that may be related to the functioning of the crossing.To solve this problem, the methods inherent in complex source studies were applied. They combine the analysis of written sources, data from archaeological excavations and surveys, and remote sensing of certain areas. The latest remote sensing devices were used – unmanned aerial vehicles and ground-based LIDAR. These devices made it possible to obtain a detailed view of thearea, which is covered with dense forest, as well as to display artificial transformations that arose during the operation of the crossing. Conclusions. As a result of applying the data obtained, the places where a stop could have taken place before crossing the river were identified. One of the key points of the study is to identify the places where the descent into the floodplain and ascent to the original bank took place. As a starting point for the research, we chose the village of Bilsk as the place name that gave the crossing its name. Subsequently, we analyzed the hydrographic objects - the Vorskla and Rubizhna rivers - and found out their flows in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries based on maps. More attention was paid to determining the location of the crossing on the left bank of the Vorskla River, as the choice of a place to ascend is not as obvious as on the right bank.To confirm our assumption, we used data from archaeological surveys on the left bank of the Vorskla River, north of Kotelva. According to the research, artifacts of the Cossack period werefound in only one place, namely at the settlement “Staryi Karier” in the Zinkivshchyna tract. All of the discovered artifacts date back to the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries and are somehow related to vehicles or items needed for travel. Indirect evidence is the absence of ceramics from this period, which excludes the possibility of a small farm in the early modern period. The analysis of the terrain revealed the remains of a dried-up lake, which could have been a source of water for horses and oxen of travelers, as well as a ramp that could be conveniently climbed up the cape’s arrow to the first floodplain terrace on the left bank of the Vorskla.The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that by comparing the data obtained from various sources, we were able to reconstruct the route that led from the village of Bilsk to the crossing of the Vorskla River and the place where the ascent to the left bank of this river took place.Документ On the Border Between Hetman Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine: Gadyach Road in the Second Half of the 17th - 18th Centuries(2025) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe purpose of the research. The article analyzes the passage of one of the regional communication routes that connected the territory of Hetman’s Ukraine with Sloboda Ukraine. The Hadiach Way is a watershed road with a minimum number of crossings. It is almost never mentioned in written sources, but is well depicted on maps of the first half of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purpose of the article is to obtain data on the route of this road, to find out the reasons that influenced the change of its route and to identify the stages of its development. The methodology of the study is to apply a comprehensive approach to the tasks at hand. We have scattered data contained in documents of the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, maps of the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, and general data on the development of the region on the border of the Hetman’s Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine. Comparing these data on the basis of modern maps allows us to create a holistic picture of the functioning of the Hadiach Way. This is facilitated by the involvement of archaeological data, which gives us a basis for the data on mounds mentioned in documents from the seventeenth century. As a result, we get several layers of information that complement the data on the relief of the territory using remote scanning. Thus, we get markers that allow us to operate with both historical and natural data. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the main route of the Hadiach Way in different chronological segments. These routes are the result of the economic development of the region under study. The Hadiach Way is a reflection of the economic ties between Hetman’s Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine, and its mapping allows us to clarify one of the important aspects of the economy of the Cossack era, namely the development of transport links. Conclusions. During its existence, the route of this road has changed several times. It depended on the emergence of new settlements in the region. At the first stage, the Hadiach Way connected Hadiach with the Azak fortress. This route was used for interstate border traffic between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Moskovia. The second route went through the villages of Kapustyntsi and Vasylivka to Mykhailivka and Lebedyn. At that time, the Hadiach Way was a significant economic road that connected the city of Hadiach with large villages and yeoman estates. During this period, the road was most in demand and had an important impact on the economic development of the region. The third route ran from Hadiach to Mykhailivka and Lebedyn and was intended to connect two major roads leading to Romny and Sumy.Документ Settlement of the Golden Horde Period in the Middle Psel(2023) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych ; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe article is devoted to the results of archaeological investigations in the territory of the middle course of the Psel in the area of the city of Sumy. As a result of the surveys, a number of settlements with materials from the Golden Horde period of the second half of the 13th - 14th centuries were discovered. They were located around a large lake, which in ancient times was part of the old river Psel and was connected to it by numerous channels. This area was rich in resources - the lake was a convenient place for farming, fishing, hunting and grazing. The ceramic material discovered in the settlements is typical for the second half of the 13th - 14th centuries and has wide analogies among the antiquities of the Dnieper Left Bank. At the same time, there is a small but distinct group of corollas with an arrow-shaped edge, which is not typical for this region. The unusual location of the settlement at a considerable distance from significant settlements was due to the changes that took place in ancient Russian society after 1239/1240. At this time, there was a gradual outflow of the population from the territory of the middle streams of the Psel and Vorskla to the Poseimya, but these territories remained important for farming in the next few centuries.Документ Літописне місто Глинеськ і Глинщина за даними писемних та археологічних джерел(2022) Осадчий Євген Миколайович ; Osadchyi Yevhen MykolaiovychСтаття присвячена одному з літописних населених пунктів Верхнього Посулля – Глинеську. Це місто виникло на початку Х ст., як один з військово-адміністративних центрів племені сіверян, а у давньоруський час перетворилося на повноцінне місто. Перерва у його житті пов’язана з монгольським погромом Чернігово-Сіверщини восени-взимку 1239–1240 рр. На відміну від переважної більшості населених пунктів півдня Сіверщини місто відновилося як один з центрів феодального володіння, відомого під назвою Глинщина. Аналіз етапів розвитку Глинська як фортеці та населеного пункту, його місце в історії Південної Сіверщини є актуальним. Метою роботи є реконструкція ранніх етапів розвитку міста, що дозволить визначити його місце у історії лівобережних українських земель часів Золотої Орди та Великого князівства Литовського. Автором застосовано методику поєднання даних археологічних і писемних джерел та сучасної картографії і створення окремих шарів інформації, що відображаються на відповідних картах. Історія дослідження літописного Глинеська нараховує вже понад 150 років і пов’язана з іменами О. Шафонського, М. Арандаренка, М. Макаренка, Ю. Моргунова й ін. Автором було проаналізовано основні етапи розвитку Глинська як сотенного козацького містечка XVII–XVIII ст. Джерела з історії роду князів Глинських проаналізовано в контексті цілей даного дослідження, що дозволило створити три віртуальні шари інформації: дані історичні, дані археології та сучасний рельєф місцевості. У результаті створено два плани. Один повномасштабний, де відображено структуру самого населеного пункту, другий – меншого масштабу, де нанесені умовні межі феодального утворення Глинщина. Історія населеного пункту Глинеськ завершується після невдалого повстання Михайла Глинського повним запустінням Південної Сіверщини аж до першої половини XVII ст., коли Глинськ було відновлено за ініціативи князів Вишневецьких.