З історії питання клініко-фізіологічної характеристики заїкання

Abstract

У статті розглядаються наукові погляди на проблему заїкання дітей середнього шкільного віку, форми, причини його виникнення та шляхи подолання. Зазначено, що різне розуміння сутності заїкання зумовлене рівнем розвитку науки і позиціями, з яких дослідники підходили і підходять до вивчення цієї мовленнєвої вади. Найефективнішим визнано комплексний підхід до корекції заїкання, який ураховує всі складові мовленнєвої вади та індивідуальні й вікові особливості підлітків і забезпечує оптимальне поєднання різних методів та засобів медико-психолого-педагогічного впливу.

This article discusses the views of researchers on the problem of stuttering of children, forms, its causes and ways to overcome it. The problem of stuttering can be considered one of the most ancient in the history of the development of the doctrine of speech disorders. Until the mid-twentieth century, the mechanism of stuttering was considered based on the theory of I. Pavlov on higher nervous activity of a person, in particular, on the mechanism of neurosis. The most detailed analyses of possible disorder in the deep structures of the brain at stuttering made scientist M. Zeeman. Fear of speech as a strong emotion affects processes in subcortical areas and vegetative centers, which then by reverse action aggravate disorders of cortical processes. Through the fear of speech (stuttering) the normal functioning of the speech areas of the brain is disrupted, and in consequence occurs hyperkinesis and hypertension of the muscles of the vocal apparatus. In conditions of frequent repetition of this pathological process it is assigned as a conditional relationship. With the 70-ies of XX century, there appear a lot of publications, that give evidence of new interpretations of the clinical picture of stuttering. The researcher I. Sikorskyi first noted that stuttering is peculiar to childhood, when the speech development is not yet completed. The modern doctrine of stuttering is an interdisciplinary field in the development of which participate physicians, psychologists, development of the participation of physicians, psychologists, physiologists, teachers (speech therapists), specialists in neurolinguistics. Stuttering is defined as a disorder of tempo, rhythm and smoothness of oral speech, due to a spasmodic condition of the muscles of the vocal apparatus. Correction of stuttering is quite a long and complicated process that requires a comprehensive approach. The establishment of modern integrated approach to the correction of stuttering was preceded by the development of various traditional and modern methods of overcoming this disease. This defect has a stable character and without medico-pedagogical intervention and parental care, as a rule, does not disappear.